Viagra and Intellectual Property Rights in China - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1623 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Intellectual Property Essay Did you like this example? The company of Pfizer was founded by two German cousins, Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart in 1849. These two men were based in Brooklyn at the time, selling chemicals from their offices. The first product that these cousins created was an anti-parasitic for treating intestinal worms. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Viagra and Intellectual Property Rights in China" essay for you Create order While there were other options for this medication on the market, considering the popularity of this affliction in the time period, Pfizer made theirs more appetizing in terms of taste, and therefore more appealing than others. In 1941, their attention shifted to soldiers fighting in the war, leading them to refocus their resources to the production of penicillin (Abrami). This company’s claim to fame, the drug Viagra, was a lucky accident that Pfizer scientists stumbled upon during their research. Pfizer scientists wanted to develop a drug to lower blood pressure and open arteries. They applied for a UK patent, since the scientists were Britain-based, for a class of compounds for the treatment of cardiovascular conditions. When this drug went to volunteer clinical trials, participants discovered that the compound also acted as a treatment for Erectile Dysfunction (ED). However, when tested on monkeys, the drug did not have the same result. Scientists later found that nitric oxide (NO) was unavailable to the anesthetized monkeys, which is why they did not experience the same results, but was crucial to sexual arousal. The scientific outcome of this realization was the new idea that PDE-5 inhibitors were a treatment for ED in otherwise healthy males. After discovering the added benefits of the drug that they had created as a treatment for cardiov ascular conditions, Pfizer filed a secondary use patent application titled â€Å"Pyrazolopyrimidinones for the Treatment of Impotence† (Abrami). After the discovery and development of their unique drug, Pfizer took measures to protect their intellectual property rights in the matter. By 1998, Pfizer held a patent on sindenafil citrate itself, the specific compound that worked as treatment for Erectile Dysfunction. They also obtained US and EU patent rights on PDE-5 inhibitors and the drug became available with a doctor’s prescription by 1998. Their business immediately took off, filling 2.9 million prescriptions for the drug within three months of their launch (Abrami, 7). However, after Viagra’s worldwide launch in 1998, a Chinese firm known as Welman Company (unbeknownst to Pfizer) filed a trademark application for the name â€Å"Wei Ge.† While Viagra’s official Chinese brand name was â€Å"Wan Ai Ke,† much more popular was their Mandarin Chinese street name of â€Å"Wei Ge.† The problem at hand was that, while Pfizer had a patent for the drug and compound itself, they had never filed a trademark application for the name. They did hold a 3D trademark for their ocean blue, rhombic pill, which had been granted in 2001. In 2003. Welman Company launched an Erectile Dysfunction drug using the â€Å"Wei Ge† name, which they had received a trademark for in 2002, and a similar look of pills (Abrami). Welman’s launch of such a similar drug launched a momentous dispute between the two. In 2005, Pfizer filed a lawsuit against Welman Company. They claimed that while they did not hold a specific trademark for the name, they had the rights to the unregistered, famous trademark. The Paris Convention, which Pfizer cited in their argument, mandated that member countries, including China, â€Å"agreed to ‘refuse or to cancel the registration, and to prohibit the use, of a trademark which constitutes a reproduction, an imitation or a translation, liable to create confusion, of a mark considered . . . as already being the mark of a person entitled to the benefits of this convention’† (Abrami, 9). While Pfizer had a patent on the drug itself and a trademark on the appearance of the drug, they did not have a trademark on the â€Å"Wei Ge† name. Welman Company capitalized on this loophole and attempted to make their own drug, so similar to that of Pfizer that they would profit of it themselves. As a response, Pfizer filed a lawsuit against the Chinese firm and cited the Paris Convention, claiming that the trademark belong to them and they should be the only ones to reap the benefits of it (Abrami). However, before the Paris Convention, intellectual property rights (IPR) were a foreign idea to much of the population of China. China did not develop their first Patent Law until 1984, nor their first Trademark Law until 1982 (Abrami, 2). The majority of their IPR improvements were not prompted until 2001, caused by China’s pending membership in the World Trade Organization, after which they had to comply with the TRIPS Agreement, or Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. The State Intellectual Property Rights Office then declared that a firm could apply for three different types of patents: an invention patent, a utility model patent, or a design patent. After becoming a player in the global market, China’s trademark and patent laws became more inclusive. When Welman Company released their version of Pfizer’s ED drug, Pfizer had the grounds to argue that â€Å"Welman’s pills intentionally looked similar to Viagra, and in direct violation of existing Pfizer trademark rights held in China† (Abrami, 8). A back-and-forth legal battle between the two firms ensued, the results of which we have yet to see (Abrami). Similar to the dispute between Pfizer and Welman Company regarding Viagra, Cipla also got caught in the midst of a patent war. After AIDS was identified in 1982, British pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome introduced the first drug that had been shown to slow the progression of AIDS in 1987. Although this was a groundbreaking treatment, the price was so expensive that nobody who needed it could afford it. Dr. Yusuf Hamied, chairman of Cipla, worked to develop an affordable alternative. In 1992, Cipla announced that it had reserve-engineered AZT and was able to produce and sell their serving for a fraction of the price of large MNCs. After this revelation, MNCs faced backlash, but cited high RD costs as the reason why they could not make their drugs more affordable. Many invested entities demanded that they drop the suit they had filed against the South African government (where the need for this drug was astronomical), including AIDS activists and humanitarian organizations. Ev entually, they dropped their suit and Cipla was allowed to continue production of affordable alternatives to their expensive drugs (Deshpandà ©). Legally, when Hamied began his work on the AIDS drug alternative, the 1970 India Patents Act was in effect. This act only recognized patents on the process of creating a drug, not on the drug itself. By reserve-engineering the drug and therefore using a different process of creation, Hamied was not in violation of the India Patents Act. While Cipla’s production of AZT would be a violation of Intellectual Property Rights since they did not develop the drug themselves, they did not legally violate the patent laws in play. Additionally, when Welman Company began producing their own version of Viagra, it was an underhanded attempt to make profits and gain business for themselves. They intentionally used a trademark that was associated with a different firm so that they would gain business from the confusion as well. Dr. Yusuf Hamied of Cipla argued that, while his methods may be questionable, his intentions were of a humanitarian nature, as well as being ethically and legally soun d. Additionally, as opposed to Welman Company, Cipla was selling their drugs for as cheap as possible, not increasing the price in an attempt to make profits. Their man concern was ensuring that those who needed access to their medication could have it. While both of these cases could be considered violations of intellectual property rights, their motives were very different: while Welman Company was concerned primarily with business and profits, Cipla had humanitarian intentions (Deshpandà ©). After the legal battle between Pfizer and Welman Company, it was determined that Welman Company would be allowed to keep the trademark on the Chinese name for Viagra, â€Å"Wei Ge.† The root of this issue was that, after Viagra’s launch, the name commonly used for this medication in China was â€Å"Wei Ge,† even though Pfizer only held a trademark for â€Å"Wai Aike,† a direct translation that never gained popularity (Chow, 83). Pfizer did not file a trademark application until May 1997, at which point it already belong to Guangzhou Viamen Pharmaceutical Company (Chow, 88). Because the media will coin a name in their language instead of using the English name, â€Å"a Chinese entity might obtain a registration for the Chinese transliteration of the English brand name before the U.S. brand owner can do so in China† (Chow, 88-89). One serious implication of this â€Å"is that the brand owner loses control over the Chinese-language name for its brandà ¢â‚¬  (Chow, 88). Because Wei Ge was already associated with the Viagra brand, when Guangzhou Viamen Pharmaceutical gained ownership of the name, it resulted in a huge loss of business for Pfizer (Chow). A solution that Chow presents in his article â€Å"Lessons from Pfizers Disputes Over its Viagra Trademark in China† is that Pfizer should have sought out the trademark for the Wei Ge name sooner. He claims that, in order to â€Å"maintain Chinese brand control, MNCs should develop and maintain a Chinese-language trademark in China prior or simultaneous to the time that an English-language trademark is obtained in the United States† (Chow, 104). At this point, Pfizer had gotten a patent for the drug itself and a trademark for the English name Viagra. However, when the Wei Ge name was coined in China, Pfizer should have immediately submit an application for the trademark to ensure that they received the business for their brand. If they had obtained the trademark to the Wei Ge trademark sooner, they would have the rights to the name instead of Guangzhou Viamen Pharmaceutical, and would have gained much more business in the global market (Chow).

Astronomy 101 - Early History of Astronomy

Astronomy is humanitys oldest science. People have been looking up, trying to explain what they see in the sky probably since the first human-like cave dwellers existed. Theres a famous scene in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, where a hominid named Moonwatcher surveys the sky, taking in the sights and pondering what he sees. Its likely that such beings really did exist, trying to make some sense of the cosmos as they saw it. Prehistoric Astronomy Fast forward about 10,000 years to the time of the first civilizations, and the earliest astronomers who already figured out how to use the sky. In some cultures, they were priests, priestesses, and other elites who studied the movement of celestial bodies to determine rituals, celebrations, and planting cycles. With their ability to observe and even forecast celestial events, these people held great power among their societies. This is because the sky remained a mystery to most people, and in many cases, cultures put their deities in the sky. Anyone who could figure out the mysteries of the sky (and the sacred) had to be pretty important.   However, their observations were not exactly scientific. They were more practical, although somewhat used for ritual purposes. In some civilizations, people assumed that that celestial objects and their motions could foretell their own futures. That belief led to the now-discounted practice of astrology, which is more of an entertainment than anything scientific.   The Greeks Lead the Way The ancient Greeks were among the first to start developing theories about what they saw in the sky. Theres much evidence that early Asian societies also relied on the heavens as a sort of calendar. Certainly, navigators and travelers used the positions of the Sun, Moon, and stars to find their way around the planet.   Observations of the Moon suggested that Earth, too, was round. People also believed that Earth was the center of all creation. When coupled with the philosopher Plato’s assertion that the sphere was the perfect geometrical shape, the Earth-centered view of the universe seemed like a natural fit.   Many other early observers believed the heavens were really a giant crystalline bowl arching over Earth. That view gave way to another idea, expounded by astronomer Eudoxus and philosopher Aristotle in the 4th century BCE. They said the Sun, Moon, and planets hung on a set of nesting, concentric spheres surrounding Earth. Nobody could see them, but something was holding up the celestial objects, and invisible nesting balls were as good an explanation as anything else. Although helpful to ancient people trying to make sense of an unknown universe, this model did not help in properly tracking the motions planets, the Moon, or stars as seen from Earths surface. Still, with few refinements, it remained the predominant scientific view of the universe for another six hundred years. The Ptolemaic Revolution in Astronomy In the Second Century BCE, Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy), a Roman astronomer working in Egypt, added a curious invention of his own to the geocentric model of nesting crystalline balls.   He said that the planets moved in perfect circles made of something, attached to those perfect spheres. All that stuff   rotated around Earth. He called these little circles epicycles and they were an important (if erroneous) assumption. While it was wrong, his theory could, at least, predict the paths of the planets fairly well. Ptolemys view remained the preferred explanation for another fourteen centuries! The Copernican Revolution That all changed in the 16th century, when  Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer tiring of the cumbersome and imprecise nature of the Ptolemaic model, began working on a theory of his own. He thought there had to be a better way to explain the perceived motions of planets and the Moon in the sky. He theorized that the Sun was at the center of the universe and Earth and other planets revolved around it. Seems simple enough, and very logical. However, this idea conflicted with the Holy Roman churchs idea (which was largely based on the perfection of Ptolemys theory). In fact, his idea caused him some trouble. Thats because, in the Churchs view, humanity and its planet were always and only to be considered the center of all things. The Copernican idea demoted Earth to something the Church didnt want to think about. Since it was the Church and had assumed power over all knowledge, it threw its weight around to get his idea discredited.   But, Copernicus persisted. His model of the universe, while still incorrect, did three main things. It explained the prograde and retrograde motions of the planets. It took Earth out of its spot as the center of the universe. And, it expanded the size of the universe. In a geocentric model, the size of the universe is limited so that it can revolve once every 24 hours, or else the stars would get slung off due to centrifugal force. So, maybe the Church did fear more than a demotion of our place in the universe since a deeper understanding of the universe was changing with Copernicuss ideas.   While it was a major step in the right direction, Copernicus’ theories were still quite cumbersome and imprecise. Yet, he paved the way for further scientific understanding. His book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, which was published as he lay on his deathbed, was a key element in the beginning of the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment. In those centuries, the scientific nature of astronomy became incredibly important, along with the construction of telescopes to observe the heavens. Those scientists contributed to the rise of astronomy as a specialized science that we know and rely upon today.  Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

The Spanish American War Essay - 1073 Words

Eitan Flor Professor Joseph Holbrook AMH 2042 4 October 2017 The Spanish-American War The conventional reasons associated with the intervention of the United States in the Spanish-American war seem to originate with the lack of independence for Cuba and the Philippines along with the explosion of the U.S.S Maine in the Havana Harbor. Spain’s colonial reign on Cuba was unequal and unfair, oppressing the residing population into brutal concentration camps where 200,000 Cuban civilians died of starvation, exposure, or dysentery, sparking discontent with the American population. Regardless of how focused the war seemed to be on aiding Cuba and the Philippine islands, many motives existed for the United States to enter the war such as an†¦show more content†¦Individuals in high ranks such as Theodore Roosevelt and Grover Cleveland also took Mahan’s writing into deep consideration, ultimately altering the next chapter of American history. Starting with the construction of the U.S.S Texas and U.S.S Maine, the United States began expanding its naval po wer. Under Grover Cleveland’s second term during 1893-1897, a direct change was seen with the aggressive behavior of the United States. Cleveland’s administration actively warned the European countries to steer away from Latin America and avoid further European colonization. To further ensure this, the Monroe Doctrine was set in place to explicitly state that Europe did not have any authority to expand their colonial ruling. Britain was shocked, along with the rest of the world. It was evident that the United States’ power was intensifying. Meanwhile-in the United States-much approval and support was seen with the government and its citizens. During this time, individuals felt imperialism was the solution to the depression in the United States and would provide additional resources and outlets to recover. Just like in the American Civil War, there was an opportunity for Manifest Destiny. Just as the United States could expand from the East to the West, spreading dominance over Latin American countries and islands all over the worldShow MoreRelatedThe Spanish American War Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesThe Spanish American War, also known as â€Å"The Splendid Little War,† was a short-lived conflict between the United States and Spain in 1898. This war was a pretext for the Philippines War. During this time period Spain had control over several territories within the Caribbean because they were still a colonial power. Although Spain had control of the territories of Cuba and the Philippines, the inhabitants began to grow more and more rebellious as time passed. With the tension building betweenRead MoreThe Spanish American War of 1898 Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Spanish American War of 1898 One hundred years ago, in 1898, the United States was fighting the Spanish-American War. The victory over Spain made the United States a colonial power. The Spanish colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, as well as the formerly independent nation of Hawaii, became American possessions. The excuse for entering the war was the rebellion by the Cubans against Spanish rule and the explosion of an American battleship U.S.S. Maine. The Spanish coloniesRead MoreEssay Causes and Effects of the Spanish American War1332 Words   |  6 Pagesimpulsively waged a war with imperialist Spain that would forever change our country for better and for worse. There are many different factors that led to the war, but in my opinion, one key cause is of much greater importance than the others. As a result of the war, American became known as an imperialistic nation and a world power. How could such a â€Å"little† war have such a large impact on American society at the turn of the 20th century? The first reason for the Spanish American War was public opinionRead MoreEssay about Motives Of The Spanish American War942 Words   |  4 PagesThe Spanish American War started in 1898 and lasted about four months. Although the war might have seemed focused on freeing Cuba from Spain and gaining independence for Cuba and the Philippines, it was actually stimulated by nationalism and commercialism. Commercialism was a major factor when declaring war because the United States depended on Cuba and the Philippines for trade and business with other countries, especially in Asia and Latin America. Another major factor for the war was that theRead MoreTaking a Look at the Spanish American War Essay945 Words   |  4 Pages During his presidency William McKinley said, â€Å"War should never be entered upon until every agency of peace has failed.† His message never fully reached the American people because in the late 19th century the people were longing for an opportunity to keep up with other empires and they took the first chance they approached. They saw war with Spain as a quick way to prove supremacy and saw plenty of benefits. The Spanish American war was inevitable for America because the people had a strong driveRead MoreEssay on The Cause And Effect Of The Spanish American War953 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican imperialism in 1898 was not a sudden abandonment of anti-colonial tradition but was a logical extension of commercial expansion, something the US had been doing throughout its history (SparkNotes: The Spanish American War, 1898-1901,: Effects of the Treaty). President McKinley was not interested in wars of conquest or of territorial aggression. His interest in expansion was to make the United States first in international commerce and as a means to implement its humanitarian and democraticRead MoreEssay on William Randolph Hearst and the Spanish American War4516 Words   |  19 PagesWilliam Randolph Hearst and the Spanish American War How far is a person willing to go to be the best? Will he sacrifice friends, family, even the lives of his countrymen? What makes someone that devoted to competition that they are willing to destroy everything that they’ve ever known, and quite possibly start a war in the process all to see that they’ve outsold there competition? These are the questions one must ask once you learn of the life’s story of William Randolph Hearst. From his newsRead MoreBiography Of Cherrie Moraga s Loving, The War Years 1567 Words   |  7 PagesIn her book, Loving in the War Years, Cherrie Moraga narrates her experiences and progresses ideas concerning her existence as a Chicana and a lesbian in American society. She uses variety of literary forms that include short stories, poems, personal reminiscences, and essays. The confusion and personal struggle Moraga recounts speak to the readers as one by the usage of Moraga’s words. Moraga evident usages of her poetries and au tographical essays force the reader to understand that her lifestyleRead MoreHow A Wild Tongue By Gloria Anzaldua1236 Words   |  5 Pagessuffer from cultural oppression. In her essay â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† Gloria Anzaldà ºa explores the challenges encountered by these groups. She especially focuses on her people, the Chicanos, and describes the difficulties she faced practicing her mother tongue. She argues that for many years, the dominant American culture has silenced their language. She claims that by forcing them to speak English and attempting to eliminate their accents, the Americans have robbed the Chicanos of their identityRead MoreReview : New Western History1720 Words   |  7 PagesTom Nowakowski 10/16/14 HI 324 Dr. Schandler Midterm Essay #1 â€Å"New Western History† entails a fundamentally different approach to looking at the history of the American West. Whereas the old narrative deemphasized the contributions of others, the new interpretative paradigm is now more inclusive of the roles of women, minority groups, the Federal Government, corporate capitalism, urbanization, and Spain too. In addition, a new environmental narrative has emerged as well. Prior to the implementation

Informative Speech Outline - 1104 Words

BCOM-3950 October 21, 2015 Informative speech outline Specific Purpose: To inform the audience how to enhance credibility when making conversation at work-related social events. Central Idea: To inform my classmates how to enhance credibility when making conversation at work-related social event by engaging in a conversation, being honesty, and keep confidences. Introduction: I. Today I would like to inform you on how to enhance your credibility when making conversation at work-related social events. Dr. Victor Fund said, â€Å"A good leader is probably no different in any culture in the sense that a good leader must have credibility.† II. Gaining credibility at work is very important. It will determine if you will move up or stay†¦show more content†¦Once you approach someone or someone has approach you, it is always good to start the conversation with a question. The question should invite a response that is more than a yes or no. This will help you get to know your colleagues better and vice versa. While you are having a conversation it is important that you are showing interest and giving compliments. Showing interest will show the person that you care and respect what he or she is saying. Remember everyone has a story to tell. Also giving compliments show that you are paying attention. Everyone loves compliments; you can’t g o wrong with that. Now that we have an idea on how to engage in a conversation, I will discuss the importance of being honest. II. Honesty is extremely important to enhance your credibility. Being honest is being transparent, having integrity and admitting when you are wrong. People trust what they can see. When you are open and honest, others don’t have to guess what your motivations or intentions are. You have to keep that in mind when you are interacting with your colleagues. You inspire trust when you talk openly about your values and goals. The Washington Post states, â€Å"Only 36% of employees believe their leaders operate with integrity and honesty† (Cox). That is a low statistics, so it is vital to be transparent and honest to increase credibility. Integrity is another way to show honesty. You have to think carefullyShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech Outline802 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech Outline I. Introduction A. Thanks 1. Thanks professor Tuckerman for the introduction. B. Salutation 1. Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. C. Ethos 1. What increases heart rate, causes sleep disturbance, makes people cry, act violent, makes some people sleep more and causes untold aches and pains? It s Wednesday! Six hours of homework to do, babysit the little sister, feed the dog, cut the grass, oh and lets not forget your boyfriend is being a jerkRead MoreInformative Speech Outline2182 Words   |  9 Pageswithout stating to whom these ideas or statements belong to. A student suspected of plagiarism can be given a zero mark, and possibly fail the entire course. Assessment: Impromptu speech 10% Informative speech (15% speech, 5% outline) 20% Show and Tell Poster Session (10% speech, 10% poster) 20% Assignment : Group Interaction 10% Final Examination 40% __________________________________________________________________ Total 100% Read MoreInformative Speech Outline1598 Words   |  7 PagesSamantha Audiffred Honors Comm 110 Marieke Spiegelhoff Informative Speech Outline 25 February 2015 Audience Analysis ( ½ page)   Ã‚  Ã‚   The target audience for the informative speech is the honors communication 110 class and the professor. The class makeup is eight males and twelve females for the 20 students. This is a required course for all students attending UW-Whitewater; therefore, the majors and interests of the students will vary greatly. After an activity polling the class, the most popular ofRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech Outline937 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Murray Informative Speech Outline General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience how Communication Technology is now the face to face human communication; instant, easily accessible and more convenient but you lose a sense of warmth and meaning when all your communication is conducted electronically. Central idea: Humans have always communicated face-to-face and the use of technology poses cognitive obstacles to communication. The lack of human presence during technology-mediatedRead MoreOutline Informative Speech1491 Words   |  6 PagesNAME : Syifa Fadhilah Hamid CLASS : 12 DBM SUBJECT : Outline Informative Speech SPECIFIC PURPOSE : to inform my audience about Deja Vu CENTRAL IDEA : to inform my audience about the theory of Deja Vu. Including what, how and the effect about Deja Vu . INTODUCTION: Attention Getter : I can’t remember any things well while I thought something happened to me, I feel like I ever seen something but I don’t know when it was or where it was. And I also feel like I’ve been somewhere but I don’tRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech Outline1006 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Final Draft Outline I. Introduction A. Attention getter: How many you have ever had a car accident or someone you care about had a car accident? B. Background and Audience Relevance: According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in 2015, about thirty-five hundred people were killed, and four hundred thousand were injured in car crashes. Oral Citation 1: NHTSA, govt website, 2015. C. Speaker credibility: Many of my close family members have been in car accidentsRead MoreOutline Informative Speech1502 Words   |  7 PagesNAME : Syifa Fadhilah Hamid CLASS : 12 DBM SUBJECT : Outline Informative Speech SPECIFIC PURPOSE : to inform my audience about Deja Vu CENTRAL IDEA : to inform my audience about the theory of Deja Vu. Including what, how and the effect about Deja Vu . INTODUCTION: Attention Getter : I can’t remember any things well while I thought something happened to me, I feel like I ever seen something but I don’t know when it was or where it was. And I also feel like I’ve been somewhere but I don’t know whenRead MoreInformative Speech Outline1175 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Outline Speech 131 Author’s Note: This research is being submitted for Title: Taxes Made Easy! Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about how to use the 1040EZ tax form. Central Idea: Today, I hope to make tax season easier for you by demonstrating to you how easy it is to fill out and file the 1040EZ income tax form, if you qualify. Introduction Stanton Delaplane once joked about the IRS, saying he heard it had suggested a simplified tax form with onlyRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech Outline1066 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Outline I. Introduction a. Attention Material a. Raise your hand if you have or are currently working retail. b. According to Quentin Fottrell, from Market Watch, â€Å"Nearly 4 out of 5 U.S. students†¦ work while in school.† b. Tie to Audience a. Many of you have most likely experienced working retail or know someone who has. c. Credibility a. I recently worked 9 months in Bath and Body Works, so I am well aware of all of the horrors of working in retail. d. Thesis a. Working inRead MoreInformative Speech Outline868 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Fastest Production Car Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4. Speaker: Bharath Tripuraneni Specific Purpose: To Inform Thesis Statement: From the history of the car till design and mechanics. Introduction I. Attention-getter: Even though there are cars, which are faster than Veyron, this car has rose to fame because of it mechanics and design, which made it a street legal car. II. Establishment of ethos: I am credible to talk about this car as I have done research related to this

William W. Cape Jr. - 1276 Words

The art of rhetoric comes in many different ways, practices, and ideals, but was ultimately started by the Ancient Greeks and adopted by the later Romans. Robert W. Cape Jr. not only explores the connection between the two, but also analyzes Cicero, an ancient Roman, and his ideology that suggested orators being the best qualified to write and present history correctly, both singularly and through the use of rhetoric. The article Cape published, â€Å"Persuasive History: Roman Rhetoric and Historiography†, analyzes Cicero’s main argument of entrusting orators with history’s â€Å"immortality† through his interpreted citations, Latin semantics, his affinity to his own intellectual means, and a nonexistent chorus. Historiography, better known as the study of historical writing or the writing of history, is exactly what Cape emphasizes with this article. He has a long, running list of sources that he uses, but a majority of them are an interpretation of some kind. For example, instead of directly sourcing Cicero’s De Oratore, Cape cites â€Å"The Structure of De Oratore† from Michel and Verdià ¨re instead. By studying the concrete source, especially from ancient times, and the interpretations years after, an author can come to his or her own conclusion and clarification. Because of the time lapse between modern and ancient, primary research is almost always nonexistent, meanwhile secondary research is typically the go-to for written history. Hence, authors must use interpretations andShow MoreRelatedCape Breton Case Study2730 Words   |  11 PagesExecutive Summary Cape Breton Boat Rentals is a boat rental company owned by Bruce MacLean and operated by his brother Malcolm Maclean. Although their reception was welcoming in the year 1988, their selling price could be said is at below the actually operating cost. To avoid the same situation in 1989, the MacLean bothers had to improvise and make aggressive decisions like for example tripling their advertisements. We will show possible ways and methods on how they would have improved in marketingRead MorePestle Mcdonalds in India Essay1752 Words   |  8 Pagesworkers. Excerpted from a Feb. 26, 2004, article. Articles copyright 1995-2010 Workers World. Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved. Workers World, 55 W. 17 St., NY, NY 10011 Email: ww@workers.org Subscribe wwnews-subscribe@workersworld.net Support independent news DONATE http://www.workers.org/books/ by Norman (Otis) Richmond Malcolm X in Africa 1964 El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Malcolm X)Read MoreEssay on Apollo Program2071 Words   |  9 Pagesdesigned for three people, a command pilot, a senior pilot, and a pilot. (NASA) Apollo 1 was the first mission in the series of the program. It was planned to happen on February 21, 1967. A cabin fire started aboard the ship in pre-takeoff at Cape Canaveral. Cape Canaveral was the launch site of spacecraft’s, located in Florida. Three crew members were killed as a result of the fire and the rocket never got off the ground. The three planned astronauts were Command Pilot Virgil Grissom, Senior PilotRead MoreNelson Mandela Spiritual Biography2263 Words   |  10 Pageshence the name of the book â€Å" Long Walk To Freedom†. From the time when he was young, Mandela was raised to be a leader. Nelson Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty, which reigns in the Transkei region of South Africas Eastern Cape Province. When Mandela was nine, his father died of tuberculosis and the regent, Jongintaba, became his guardian. He attended many schools including The Wesleyan College in Healdtown, this is where most of the Thembu royalty went to college. JongintabaRead More Nepotism in American Business and Politics Essay1812 Words   |  8 Pages2000 presidential elections, two children tried to make daddy proud. First there was Albert Gore Jr. – the son of a powerful and respected senator of Tennessee – who was no stranger to politics and privilege. As a child he attended the prestigious St. Alban’s School and while growing up, it was common to see then Vice President Richard Nixon as a guest at the family dinner table. Then there was George W. Bush – a third-generation politician, with his grandfather a former senator, his brother the governorRead MoreThe Unique Habits Of Migration, Feeding, And Behavior Of Other Populations2926 Words   |  12 PagesThreatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2014 ­06 ­05. 13 Forney, K.A., and P. Wade (2006) Worldwide distribution and abundance of killer whales. In: J.A. Estes, R.L. Brownell, Jr., D.P. DeMaster, D.F. Doak and T.M. Williams (eds.). Whales, Whaling and Ocean Ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Offshore: Discovered in the Northeast Pacific in 1988, Offshore type orca were considered the newest type addition until theRead MoreBranding Satisfaction in the Airline Industry: a Comparative Study of Malaysia Airlines and Air Asia10409 Words   |  42 PagesO’Connell and Williams (2005), low cost airlines have intensified the direct competition with full service airlines, particularly during the weak economic situation in 2008 and 2009. Within Asia Pacific, airlines industry in Malaysia is expected to make a net profit of about US$ 300 million in 2010, making it the highest in the SouthEast Asia region. The aviation industry in Malaysia is dominated by two airlines. These are Malaysia Airlines and Air Asia. According to O’Connell and Williams (2005), MalaysiaRead MoreAll the Mathematics You Missed but Need to Know for Graduate School17996 Words   |  72 Pagesanyone else who needs to quickly learn some serious mathematics. Thomas A. Garrity is Professor of Mathematics at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He was an undergraduate at the Univer sity of Texas, Austin, and a graduate student at Brown University, receiving his Ph.D. in 1986. From 1986 to 1989, he was G.c. Evans Instructor at Rice University. In 1989, he moved to Williams College, where he has been ever since except in 1992-3, when he spent the year at the University of WashingtonRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesleft blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian MickelsonRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTwentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri 213 7 The Technopolitics of Cold War: Toward a Transregional Perspective †¢ Gabrielle Hecht and Paul N. Edwards 271 8 A Century of Environmental

Management Control free essay sample

An analysis of the importance of management control through a sound theory of control and overall operating strategy. This paper discusses the importance of management control to the running of any business and examines how the process of control has changed with the introduction of the internet. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Factors affecting effectiveness of management control, elements of the control system, key management control activities and the Internets effect on management control systems are detailed. Doing business is simply mathematics by other means all a question of keeping equations in balance on both sides. Labor must be balanced with capital. Resources with allocation. Customers with services or goods. Workers with rewards. The only way that such balances can be instituted and maintained is through a system of management control. At the heart of any well-run business operation is a sound theory of control and overall operating strategy. This paper looks at the importance of management control to the running of any business and examines how the process of control has changed with the introduction of the internet.

England in An Inspector Calls Essay Example For Students

England in An Inspector Calls Essay In the play An Inspector Calls, there is a great deal of information concerning the situation of England in 1912. Priestley has used various methods to show the audience, such as making certain characters mouthpieces; the roles of certain characters are important as well. In this essay, I am going to explore and evaluate several of these techniques.  Priestley has used Inspector Goole as a way to convey the nature of 1912 in England. The character of the Inspector is somehow out of place in the era the play is set in. His name is a homophone of the word ghoul; this suggests that he is a mysterious or even supernatural character. One of his purposes in the play is to act as a catalyst for the exposure of the Birlings households immorality. He does this by several methods, such as interviewing each person individually to create pressure. He also keeps reminding the household of Eva Smiths death in detail. One example of this can be found in Act 1, page 11, where he tells the family of Evas death. At the end of the sentence he adds, Burnt her inside out, of course- revealing gruesome detail. This is to increase the guilty conscience of the family, which partially works. Both Sheila and Eric were horrified whilst their parents just said its none of their business. His view on society is very different to Mr Birlings conceptions. In Act 3 page 56, he states that We dont live aloneWe are responsible for each other. He means that everyone needs to look after each other, no matter what class theyre in or what political view they have ( such as supporting socialism or capitalism). This is very different from Mr Birlings views as he feels that a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own, which is exactly the opposite of Inspector Gooles thoughts. The Inspector also says that if mankind does not learn their lesson, it will suffer in fire, blood and anguish. This probably implies (with hindsight), the two major world wars that are looming in the future. Overall, the Inspector not only makes the Birlings confess their involvement in Evas death but act as a mouthpiece for socialists at that time. The character of Sheila is created by Priestley to represent the new and next generation of people. She is different to the previous generation (her parents) due to her alternative view of the lower classes. Here she represents those who sympathises the people of the working class. An example of this can be found in Act 1, page 19, Sheila makes a remark about how the young women of the working class are treated. She exclaims, But these girls arent cheap labour-theyre people. This quotation shows that she has empathy for these people and regards them as equals, unlike her parents. She feels that she had a part to play in Evas death and accept the facts, unlike her parents who are ignorant and deny any connections with the girl. Sheila also represents many new attitudes and behaviours for women at that time. Firstly she has stopped supporting and sticking up for her parents, whereas in that era, it is common for children to follow and respect their parents. She shows us this by constantly interfering with her parents words of denial towards the inspector. In her case, she rebels thus showing the reader a new breed of more independent women that were showing up in Britain. Another area she could represent is the rise of feminism at that time. In the beginning of the play she is shown as a spoilt and self-centred young girl. In the wake of Eva Smiths death she changes those attitudes into a more shameful and responsible manner. This change of personality represents the new attitude adopted by certain members of the public about the attitudes in which the lower class were treated in 1912 England. .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37 , .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37 .postImageUrl , .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37 , .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37:hover , .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37:visited , .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37:active { border:0!important; } .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37:active , .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37 .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u057fc25b06e4b9a6829269b4924bbb37:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Blood Brothers - The Narrator EssayAnother factor she shows about 1912 England is the new idea of marriage. Here, she decides to pull out of her engagement with Gerald. This is seen in Act 2 page 40. She says just before she hands back his ring, But just in case you forgot-or decide not to come back youd better take this with you. This act shows the idea of women having more freedom and say over marriage in that era. Data from the past have shown that the divorce rate and cases of unhappy marriage were common in 1920s. The after dinner speech of Mr Birling on pg 6 and 7 shows us a great deal about the nature of 1912 society in England. The main reason why Priestley wrote this sequence was to empathize the factors he criticizes about the upper-class in 1912 such as they were old-fashioned and snobbish. Here, Mr Birling talks about new technology and new attitudes in society. Most of the speech contains his opinions and views; these represent the attitudes of the upper class at that era. Ironically, most of his statements turn out to be false. An example of this is his conception of the ship, the Titanic. In his speech, he states that the ship was unsinkable whereas with hindsight, the ship did actually sunk when it hit an iceberg. As Priestley wrote this play in 1945, he already knew of the disaster. The attitude of Mr Birling symbolises the pompous and arrogant belief of the rich upper class. One other comment he makes is his prediction of the future, which will have peace and prosperity and rapid progress everywhere except of course in Russia. This is also partially ironic as there is no peace and prosperity in the world in the future, but only two World Wars in the future. The Great War will start 2 years after the suppose setting of the play (around 1912). He correctly predicted the dark times in Russia, such as its revolution that successfully overthrew the Tsars. This remark shows the reader about the rise of socialism and communism in that era and how the upper-class rejected and hated its ideology-due to the fact that everyone was regarded as equal in wealth and having no class system. We can see that Mr Birlings remark about Russia is quite offensive due to the reaction of his wife; who responded by saying Arthur! Additionally this makes it sounds like Mr Birling has just spoken a very personal opinion to everyone. In the speech, he also mentions his dislike for left wing sympathisers, in which he mentions two famous individuals- H.G Wells and Bernard Shaw. This was the era that saw a rise of works that comment on politics and there was a greater deal of freedom of speech. The main plot of this play is about the apparent death of Eva Smith. The character of Eva Smith in the play represents the lower working class of that era. Her name implies that she belongs to this class due to her surname. The name, Smith, is a very common British surname, thus crediting her as a normal citizen. Her Christian name, however, is unique; the name Eva is quite similar to the name Eve. Eve is also the name of the first woman created by God according to Biblical teaching. This may show she is one of the first women to rebel and go on strike. In a wider sense, it can represent an era where the lower class started to speak out more and become more active. In 1912, this was very unusual, as the protest was run by women (who had no rights whatsoever). Eva can also represent more than one person. .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5 , .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5 .postImageUrl , .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5 , .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5:hover , .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5:visited , .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5:active { border:0!important; } .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5:active , .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5 .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d4a98991310119a420161344b210cf5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dramatic section EssayNear the end of the play in Act 3, pg 56, Inspector Goole comments, One Eva Smith has gone- but there are millions and millions of Eva Smith. This implies that there are many like her in the world who are also in a position similar to hers. Eva also had worked in a brothel as a prostitute; also know as the woman of the town. The thought of visiting such areas were seen as morally wrong but many upper class people still do, such as Aldermand Meggarty (who was a very respectable man working in the town hall). After she is kicked out by Mr Birling from the factory and by Sheila from the shop, she turns to Gerald for help. Here, she becomes his mistress, which was seen as unsuitable upon that era; although certain people did have them but did not publicly admit it or refuse to talk about the matter. Her involvement with Eric produced another moral panic, the thought of having sex before marriage-, which was seen as a taboo. All of these actions were against moral standards at the time but there were some who regularly practice them anyway. This is why Priestley has created the character of Eva- to use her actions as a symbol of all the immorality the upper-class were secretly hiding and to expose them to the audience of the play. Overall, there are two themes in which Priestley tried to bring out to the audience; one is that there was a lot of hypocrisy contained in the upper-class. They make disdainful comments on acts such as one having mistresses and sex before marriage whilst some indulge in these practise themselves. Another theme in this play he points out is the treatment of the class system. The story of Eva Smith reflects on the attitude the rich had on the poor in the era, which caused a great deal of inequality. Priestley put some of his own views in the play with the most important one as being everyone has to look out and support one another, which is leaning towards the idea of socialism (a popular ideology in the 1910s).