Mutualism and Exploitation in Plant-Pollinator Relationships free essay sample

This paper examines cheating in plant-pollinator mutualisms. This paper examines some of the ecological dynamics and game theory behind mutualisms and cheaters focusing on plant-pollinator relationships. Table of Contents Reciprocal Exploitation Defensive Strategies: fruit abortion and selective maturation Offensive Strategies: cheating insects To cheat or not to cheat? Evolutionary Consequences of Cheating References Although mutualisms have often been heralded as mutually beneficial relationships that exist for the good of all those involved, they are often not as good-natured as people would think (Soberon Martinez del Rio 1985). Perhaps Darwin knew best when he claimed that Natural selection cannot possibly produce any modification in any one species exclusively for the good of another species; though throughout nature one species incessantly takes advantage of, and profits by, the structures of another (1859). Upon close inspection of the many mutualisms that pervade the global ecology, it becomes clear that there is a strong incentive for exploitation, either by one of the partners in the mutualism or by a third party species. We will write a custom essay sample on Mutualism and Exploitation in Plant-Pollinator Relationships or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of the conflict of interest that often exists between members of a mutualism, certain tendencies to cheat have evolved. By escaping the costs that go hand in hand with mutualisms, these cheaters are able to reap the benefits of the mutualistic relationship without having to provide any services or resources in return. Far from one partner acting altruistically toward the other, members in mutualisms are actually pursuing their own agendas, often carrying out self-beneficial actions as far as the other partner will allow.

Free Essays on Memory And Me

There are only a few techniques that help my memory. Most of the time I prefer to study over material for a certain amount of time with a friend. Other times, I will utilize flashcards in order to memorize the word, phrase or definition needed. Reading over material more than once also helps me. All of these things come in handy when I am trying to study for any subject. I sometimes find that I will use certain methods of memorizing that help me more for that specific subject. When I study over material with friends, it is so both of us can benefit. As they say, â€Å"you learn while trying to teach it to someone else†, so that is the exact methodology we try to follow. I would read the material, and then quiz my friend with random questions about it. Then, he/she would do the same. The process does take some time because we both have to read the material then quiz each other on it, but in the long run it helps us both in memorizing the data. My favorite form of memorization is using flash cards. The purpose of using flash cards is the repetition of the process. When I study using flash cards I read the definitions of the terms or phrases that I am trying to memorize, and then I try to remember the term or phrase that they go with. I repeat this system over and over again until finally I can go through all of the terms and respond with the proper definition. This form of memorization is my favorite because I can either do it alone, or have a partner to assist me. No matter how many times I’ve used other methods to help me memorize or study, flash cards have always worked. Another method that I do not practice too often is reading materials over again in order to let them sink in. This is not the same as the repetition of the flash cards, because this one has to do with longer materials such as books or long example essays. Time provided I would go over the book or long example essay more than once, but most of the time it can b... Free Essays on Memory And Me Free Essays on Memory And Me There are only a few techniques that help my memory. Most of the time I prefer to study over material for a certain amount of time with a friend. Other times, I will utilize flashcards in order to memorize the word, phrase or definition needed. Reading over material more than once also helps me. All of these things come in handy when I am trying to study for any subject. I sometimes find that I will use certain methods of memorizing that help me more for that specific subject. When I study over material with friends, it is so both of us can benefit. As they say, â€Å"you learn while trying to teach it to someone else†, so that is the exact methodology we try to follow. I would read the material, and then quiz my friend with random questions about it. Then, he/she would do the same. The process does take some time because we both have to read the material then quiz each other on it, but in the long run it helps us both in memorizing the data. My favorite form of memorization is using flash cards. The purpose of using flash cards is the repetition of the process. When I study using flash cards I read the definitions of the terms or phrases that I am trying to memorize, and then I try to remember the term or phrase that they go with. I repeat this system over and over again until finally I can go through all of the terms and respond with the proper definition. This form of memorization is my favorite because I can either do it alone, or have a partner to assist me. No matter how many times I’ve used other methods to help me memorize or study, flash cards have always worked. Another method that I do not practice too often is reading materials over again in order to let them sink in. This is not the same as the repetition of the flash cards, because this one has to do with longer materials such as books or long example essays. Time provided I would go over the book or long example essay more than once, but most of the time it can b...

Why New York University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why New York University - Essay Example At New York University, more than 50% of full time undergraduates are offered some form of need-based funds and the average need-based grants or scholarship awards amount to $18,459. Fees payment is not devastating or strenuous in the University. Academics in NYU are highly valued with students motivated by high expectations. Professors are experts in their respectful fields and thus I am hopeful that my business skills will be polished (Northrop 89). Additionally, professors are available at all costs, be it office hours or via email. Most of them are pioneers in different specifications, making it beneficial for students in terms of providing letters of recommendations and for significant academic opportunities (Northrop 68). New York University dormitories are pricey but really cheap city apartment. It has Off-Campus Housing Staff that works excellently in helping students find apartments and roommates. Residing in the campus will help me choose friends that I am comfortable with. Computer services in this University are outstanding. However, the most effective way is having a laptop. Interestingly, printing in computer labs is free and unlimited, thus students get an easy time producing their

Political science. Palestine and Orientalism Essay

Political science. Palestine and Orientalism - Essay Example In his study Said blended political polemic and literary excursion. He writes: "The Orient is not only adjacent to Europe; it is also the place of Europe's greatest and richest and oldest colonies, the source of its civilizations and languages, its cultural contestant, and one of its deepest and most recurring images of the Other" (Said, 1979, pp.1-2) Said claims that Orientalism is an academic area which causes interest in a variety of academic institutions, because all teachers, sooner or later begin to research Orient and apply their knowledge in the areas of their competence. Said holds that since the end of eighteenth century the scholarly and academic meanings of Orientalism have been quite 'politically correct' and the related efforts have been restricted. Furthermore, Said believes that Orientalism reflects Western style of domination and is close-knit with Western mind, usually related to perceiving Orient as a 'younger brother' or 'poorer kin'. Said holds that the antagonistic political relationship between the Sast and the West lies in the earliest development the struggle between Islam and Christianity. According to Said, Orientalism, which presents Christian world as 'higher', is used as a demonstration of European power and is seen as a comparative theory, in which two eternal rivals - the East and the West - make an 'argument' with predicted conclusion which is to sum up that European beliefs and culture are more humanistic and more suitable and more appropriate for harmonious development of an individual. Similarly to other '-isms', Orientalism has been ill-treated from the ancient times up to the present. From the other angle of view, Orientalism is a natural movement, whose toughness is quite sufficient in its universal authenticity. This movement is a product of synergy, which takes place among different studies, accumulated by different followers, who are interested in one of the richest world cultures, and Oriental culture. Moreover, Said's study has itself caused a number of responses, either positive or negative.Lewis attempted to criticize Said's approach -in particular, in his article ' The question of Orientalism', which defended Middle Eastern studies, and in particular, Palestinian studies. On the other hand, Lewis was a newcomer to the United States, and his refutation - a forceful defense of the European and Palestinian traditions (which sometimes converts into an attack) - did not canceled Said's complaints about the problems and complications of American Middle Eastern studies. Lewis, for instance, writes that, in fact, Europe hasn't yet experienced (or probably, hasn't noticed) such considerable influence of Orientalism on its tradition. Lewis's main notes were following: 1) Firstly, it would be wrong to claim that Oriental studies are limited to the study of Muslim culture, while in fact Biblical research is an essential and substantial element or Orientalism. Palestine as the country of diverse religions supports both religious doctrines, so it needs more profound inquiry than Said has done. 2) Secondly, there is no doubt that an identifiable part of Western studies was stimulated by either political or religious propaganda "and appeared throughout the ages with distorted images of Islam, the East and its cultures; however, this movement cannot be termed "Orientalism", rather it is "False Orientalism" (Lewis, 1982,

Comparisons among 5 companies of retailer industry Essay

Comparisons among 5 companies of retailer industry - Essay Example It is still believed that the sector will grow by 15 percent in the next five years. By the year 2011, it is estimated that the annual sales of the industry would be around  £312 billion. The sector employs around 3 million people accounting for 11 percent of the total UK workforce. At the same time, the industry contributes 8 percent to the GDP of the country. (Invest in UK, 2010) According to the TNS World Panel grocery market share report as of 29th April 2009, the big three players of the retail industry in the UK are: Tesco with 31 percent market share, ASDA with 17 percent and Sainsbury with 16 percent. The retail industry in the UK has developed in all aspects and categories. The sector has shown tremendous growth and competition in all the allied sub-divisions: electrical, groceries, clothing and footwear, cosmetics, home-ware, floor coverings and furniture, gardening as well as e-retail. (Tesco, 2010) Tesco is a global grocery and merchandising store with headquarters based in UK. The brand is the largest grocery brand within the limits of United Kingdom with the market share of 31 percent. Tesco is globally ranked as the third largest retailer with respect to revenues and second largest with respect to profits. The brand is now well developed with stores in 14 different countries across Europe, Asia and North America. The company appeals to all the different segments of people by providing all kinds of products from grocery to appliances, tires to gardening, clothing to cosmetics as well as furniture. Tesco has added 502 new stores globally to its portfolio in the last fiscal year. (Tesco, 2010) Tesco sales showed an increase by 6.8 percent whereas it’s before tax-profit increased by 10 percent. The company has now transformed itself into a globally diversified business and is well positioned for consistent long term growth. (Tesco, 2010) Tesco plans to invest  £27 million to reduce its carbon footprint by 2020.

Overview of Epilepsy

Overview of Epilepsy Epilepsy Table of Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 1 What is epilepsy? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 2 Diagnosis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 2-4 Types of Seizures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 5-9 Types of Treatments †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pages 9-10 Further Research †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Pages 11-12 Physiological issues with Epilepsy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Page 12 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Pages 12-13 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Pages 14-15 Introduction Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that targets 1 in 100 people in North America. Epilepsy is one of very few diseases without a definite cure. In fact scientists to this day cannot figure out what triggers these seizures. This is quite amazing considering the modern technologies medicine uses today. Throughout my paper I will explain what epilepsy is and what happens during an epileptic seizure, I will cover the different categories of seizures, how doctors diagnose epilepsy, and different types of treatment to help the patients with epilepsy. What is epilepsy? Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that attacks the nervous system. Another term for epilepsy is â€Å"seizure disorder† (www.epilepsy.com). To this day the exact factor that triggers an epileptic seizure is unknown. In other words epileptic seizures are idiopathic (Ogden, 2005). Seizures occur when too many brain cells get excited at the same time. A seizure is like an electrical storm in your brain. During this electrical storm your brain cannot perform its usual tasks, causing sudden changes in behaviour, sensations, movement, and awareness (www.epilepsysociety.org.uk). A typical seizure usually last between a few seconds, to a few minutes. Once the seizure is finished the victim enters a â€Å"post-ictal period. (The greek word â€Å"post† meaning â€Å"after†, and the Greek work â€Å"ictal† meaning â€Å"seizure† [http://www.behindthename.com]). During this post-ictal period, which can last from seconds to hours, the brain begins recovering, and the victim’s awareness will gradually increase. It is common to experience confusion and drowsiness during this phase. Diagnosis Epilepsy is the conditions of having spontaneous seizures. This means having one seizure is not enough to be diagnosed with epilepsy, there must be two or more. To be considered an epileptic seizure the seizure must occur spontaneously, without a direct factor (www.epilepsy.com). Doctors use three main ways to diagnose epilepsy. Neurological History – Doctors must be given specific description of previous seizures in the past. Such as; how long they lasted, what were you doing when the seizure occurred, what was your body’s behaviour/feeling before the seizure took place, and your body’s behaviour after the seizure ended (www.modernmedicine.com) People who suffer from having seizures do not remember what happens while a seizure takes place. That being said a description from a witness to your seizures could be very beneficial (www.epilepsyfoundation.org). Electroencephalograph – An electroencephalograph or an EEG is the most common tool used to diagnose epilepsy. An EEG measures the electrical signals passed from one neuron to another within the brain (www.epilepsyfoundation.org) ( see image 1). To measure these electrical signals doctors attach wires, known as electrodes, on the patients scalp (www.chp.edu). During an EEG no electricity is taken from the patient’s brain, and no electricity is injected into the patients brain. The EEG simply measures the electrical current travelling through the patient’s brain. Magnetic Resonance Imaging – a magnetic resonance imaging or MRI is a procedure used to create detailed images of the damaged area of your body. When diagnosing epilepsy an MRI can show damaged regions of your frontal lobe. (see figure 2) Wu XingXiaovi WangFangfang Xie Weihua, L. (2013) An MRI is done by using a large field of radio waves. An MRI is much more effective than an EEG, the neuron images created from an MRI shows exactly where the damaged area of the brain is (Robert F. LaPrade) From there procedures can made to repair or remove the damaged section of the frontal lobe that is causing epileptic seizures. Types of Epileptic Seizures Epileptic seizures are a very broad term. When diagnosing the type of epileptic seizures doctors categorize in two main categories; partial seizures, and primary generalized seizures. Within these two main categories there are more specific types of seizures (Stephen C. Schachter). The first category is â€Å"primary generalized seizures†. When a primary generalized seizure takes place both sides of the brain are affected at once, with a large amount of electrical discharge at the same time. The body is then accompanied by sudden movements, loss of awareness, or loss of consciousness. There are three types of primary generalized seizures: Clonic seizure (Grand Mal) – This type of seizure that most people visualize when they hear the word â€Å"seizure†. When a clonic seizure takes place the victim will stiffen and lose consciousness. – This is the â€Å"tonic phase†. The tonic phase usually lasts from thirty seconds, to a couple minutes (www.hopkinsmedicine.org). Next the body’s muscles then start to contract and back will begin to arch, and elbows and legs will start the flex. The last phase of the clonic seizure is jerking. The victim will lose all control of their body and will begin to jerk uncontrollably, this phase usually lasts around two or three minutes (www.nlm.nih.gov). Absence seizures (Petit Mal) – Absence seizures disconnect the victim from the world for a matter of a few seconds. This type of seizure is triggered from abnormal activity in the brain. Absence seizures occur mostly in children (www.epilepsy.com). There are two types of absence; Simple absence seizures, and Complex absence seizures. Simple Absence seizure – Usually last ten seconds or less. During these ten seconds the person â€Å"zones out† or stares off into the distance. This type of seizure is very difficult to diagnose (www.mayoclinic.org). Complex absence seizures – Usually lasts twenty seconds or less. During this time period then victim will â€Å"zone out† but will also be doing some sort of movement, such as; chewing, blinking, hand motions, or rubbing their fingers. (www.epilepsy.com). Myoclonic seizures – A myoclonic seizure is very brief, only lasting a matter of seconds. During this few seconds both sides of your body has sudden jerks at exactly the same time. During a myoclonic seizure the patient does not lose consciousness and does not have any memory loss (Orrin Devinsky, 7/2013). A myoclonic seizure can be compared to being in contact with a single jolt of electricity, sudden hiccups, or the jolt of waking up from sleep state very quickly (www.hopkinsmedicine.org) (Orrin Devinsky, 7/2013). Like absence seizures, myoclonic seizures are hard to diagnose and usually over looked because the seizures are so brief. The second category is â€Å"partial seizures†. When partial seizure takes place there is a large amount of electrical discharge in a certain area of the brain (Mary Ellen Ellis, July 25, 2012). Since only a specific location of the brain is effected, only a specific location of the body will be effected, depending on the location of the seizure in the brain. There are two types of partial seizures; Complex partial seizures, and simple partial seizures. Simple partial seizures: A typical simple partial seizure usually last between 30 seconds to two minutes (emedicine.medscape.com). When a patient has a simple partial seizure they are fully awake, alert, and able to interact with peers around them. The patient might lose one of their senses temporarily, be unable to move one of their fingers, or even stiffen one of their body parts (www.epilepsy.com). For the seizure to be considered a â€Å"simple partial seizure† memory, awareness, and consciousness must be preserved. Complex partial seizure – Similar to simple partial seizures, a complex partial seizure typically last between 30 seconds and two minutes (emedicine.medscape.com). During a complex partial seizure there are symptoms known as automatisms. Automatisms consist of lip-smacking, chewing, walking or pacing back and forth, swallowing, patting or fumbling (emedicine.medscape.com). A main difference between the two types of partial seizures is; consciousness, awareness, or memory is impaired. Unlike primary generalized seizures, partial seizures usually have a warning sign to inform the patient a seizure is near. This warning sign is called an â€Å"aura† (Columbia University, P. (2013)). An aura usually takes place a few seconds, or a few minutes before the seizure occurs. Aura’s can come in many different ways, such as; numbness, headaches, being light-headed, upset stomach, dizziness, the sensation of fear, forced thinking, abnormal sensations, or unusual tingle in a certain area of your body. When an epileptic patient senses one or more of these symptoms there is high probability a partial seizure will be soon to follow (William H. Blahd, Jr, August 25, 2011). Types of Epileptic Treatment The most common type of epileptic treatment is anti-epileptic drugs or AEG’s. With over twenty different choices seventy percent of epileptic patients choose anti-epileptic drugs. Although these medications to not cure epilepsy, it only suppresses the seizures (see figure #3, located on the top of the next page) (www.webmd.com). The way this medication works is by lowering the amount of electricity each neuron passes in the brain. This type of treatment is very useful in cases of generalized seizures. The only down fall from using anti-epileptic drugs is the side effects and because the medication acts on the brain and the body there is numerous side effects. The main four side effects are headaches, balancing troubles, more difficult to focus your eyes, and trouble thinking properly. This medication is not guaranteed to work; in some cases patients experience both seizures and side effects. When this occurs a new treatment is needed. This can be a switch to a different anti-e pileptic drug or a non-medicated treatment (Juan G Ochoa, Selim R Benbadis). If a patient does not have a seizure for two years and shows no sign of epilepsy on an EEG the doctor will slowly begin to ease off the medication. (FAULKNER M. A. (2014)) The other option of treatment for patients with epilepsy is the non-pharmaceutical route. Although anti-epileptic drugs have the highest success rate, non-medicated treatment has substantial research to support it (www.epilepsyontario.org). Brain surgery is the most common non-medicated treatment; the only issue with brain surgery is that it only works for partial seizures. The reason why is only works on partial seizures is because doctors can locate the specific area of the brain and remove sections of it. On grand mal seizures both hemispheres are triggered at the same time, in order to fix the epileptic problems doctors would have to remove too much of the brain, the patient would not live (www.epilepsyontario.org). New research always shows diet can be very beneficial; his is called the ketogenic diet. Its takes a lot of commitments considering no sweets or treats are allowed and 80 percent of the diet must be fatty foods, but low in carbohydrates. The ketogenic diet has success rates from 30 percent up to 50 percent (www.epilepsyontario.com). Further research Epilepsy has become more and more common in the past 20 years. Now that it has become more common scientists all over the world are beginning to test for a cure, weather that is a new class of medicine, gene therapy, or a non-medicated cure. The newest research for curing epilepsy is gene therapy. In 2009 scientist were able to figure out that the gene for epilepsy is located on chromosome 15 also known as â€Å"15q13.3†. (www.sciencedaily.com). With this knowledge and the proper technologies scientists can inject a virus containing the normal gene into chromosome where the epileptic mutation is. From there the normal gene will splice into the DNA strand, fixing the abnormal gene. In result epilepsy will be cured from the patient, and when they reproduce they can pass on a normal gene to their children. With this being said we can potentially remove epilepsy from our society. So far scientists have been able to cure rats with epilepsy using gene therapy, and now they have also been successful in Border Collie dogs. (Keijiro MizukamiAkira Yabukihye-Sook ChangUddin, M.) Another example of further research is new drug classes for epilepsy that are advancing each year. A good example of this is: September 2013 a new epileptic drug called Perampanel was released in United States. This new drug showed up to 35 percent more responsive outcomes than any other drug on the market. (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The only factor that is holding science back from curing epilepsy is funding. There is not enough funding going into epilepsy research. With the proper amount of Government funding or public donations epilepsy would be cured within the matter of five years from now. Physiological Issues with Epileptic patients Epilepsy does not affect the patient only physically, but also mentally and emotionally. Patients who suffer from epilepsy also have to deal with low self-esteem. Low self-esteem and epilepsy go hand and hand because patients with epilepsy are afraid of going out in public, or even doing the normal day to day things because the thought of having a seizure in public. (Ogden, 2005) It is extremely embarrassing for a patient suffering from epilepsy to have a seizure in front of their friends, family, or even strangers. Another emotional barrier that is part of suffering from epilepsy is the thought of never getting a driver’s license. Not getting a driver’s license makes everything in a normal adult life difficult. From getting to work, or getting groceries, or any sort of transportation. In some cases epilepsy makes the patient one hundred percent dependent on other people. Conclusion Life with epilepsy makes any day to day task more difficult. Epilepsy has impacted millions of people in a negative manner but further research is getting close to a cure, by using gene therapy research, and finding new classes of medicine. With the proper funding from the government epileptic medicine will continue to grow and be redefined. The research going into epilepsy is constantly growing, at this rate epilepsy will have a definite cure within the next decade, and using gene therapy epilepsy will also be removed from our society all together, allowing everyone to live epileptic free. Resources http://www.behindthename.com/names/usage/greek-mythology http://epilepsy.com/learn/epilepsy-101/what-epilepsy Ogden, 2005 http://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/what-epilepsy#.UzXDJPnIZ5V http://www.professinals.epilepsy.com/page/after_ab_pos http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/aboutepilepsy http://cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Epilepsy-Program/Diagnosing-Epilepsy/ http://www.modernmedicine.com/modern-medicine/news/neurological-assessment-refresher http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=11sid=467a451f-9d21-4962-a627-675ecbe6d893%40sessionmgr4004hid=4204bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aqhAN=94116054 http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3sid=867d5b74-4a00-46de-86e1-686c17975c83%40sessionmgr4003hid=4112bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aqhAN=85968889 Figure 2 http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/seizure-mri http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org http://nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000695 http://epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/absense-seizures http://mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/basics/definition/con-20021252 http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/myoclonic-seizures http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/specialty_areas/epilepsy/seizures/types/myoclinc-seizures.html http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183962-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183853-overview http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4sid=e018e8f4-ed9b-4c77-929f-f00e8685f286%40sessionmgr115hid=103bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=khhAN=39005165 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸(EBSCO #3) http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/aura-and-seizures http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/aura-and-seizures à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ William H. Blahd, Jr http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/[emailprotected]gr4005vid=5ui=16088672id=59600950parentui=59600950tag=ANdb=aqh à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ Image #3 http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187334-overview à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ Juan G Ochoa, Selim R Benbadis http://epilepsyontario.org/non-pharmaceutical-treatments/ http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4sid=b0940d9f-1c3e-465e-af24-23be73f63bc7%40sessionmgr110hid=122bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aqhAN=15877590 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090114075919.htm http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3sid=d6e55ff9-b6e5-4a6d-ab81-7e59cc92f267%40sessionmgr4001hid=4209bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aqhAN=95333447 Overview of Epilepsy Overview of Epilepsy TASK 3 REPORT ON EPILEPSY Epilepsy is a neurological disorder marked by sudden episodes of bodily disturbance, loss of consciousness, or seizures, related to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Anything that injuries the brain can result in epilepsy. Some of the common causes are head injuries and strokes. Other more infrequent causes are brain tumours and some genetic disorders like tuber sclerosis. A seizure is the only observable symptom of epilepsy. There are various types of seizures and symptoms of each type. Seizures typically last from a few seconds to a few minutes. A person may lose awareness. They may not recall what occurred during the seizure or may not even realise they had a seizure. Seizures that make you fall to the ground or make the muscles stiffen or move out of control are easy to recognise. Some seizures might make you gaze into space for a few seconds. Others may only involve a few muscle jerks, a turn of the head, or an odd smell. Epileptic seizures often happen without notice. A seizure ends when the abnormal electrical activity in the brain stops and brain activity begins to return to normal. Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy In idiopathic generalised epilepsy, there is often a genetic history of epilepsy. Idiopathic generalised epilepsy have a tendency to appear during childhood although it may not be diagnosed until maturity. In this type of epilepsy, no nervous system condition, other than the seizures, can be identified on either an EEG (EEG a test which measures electrical impulses in the brain) or MRI (imaging studies). People with idiopathic generalised epilepsy have ordinary brainpower and the outcomes of the neurological exam and MRI are usually normal. The results of the EEG test may show epileptic releases affecting one or more areas. The types of seizures that affect patients with idiopathic generalised epilepsy: Myoclonic seizures (unexpected and very short length of jerking) Absence seizures (staring spells) Generalised tonic-clonic seizures (affect the entire brain) Idiopathic Partial Epilepsy Idiopathic partial epilepsy begins in youth (between ages 5 and 8) and may be part of a family history. It is considered one of the mildest types of epilepsy. It is almost always outgrown by puberty and is never diagnosed in adults. Seizures tend to arise during sleep and are most often partial motor seizures that involve the face. This type of epilepsy is usually identified with an EEG. Symptomatic Generalised Epilepsy Symptomatic generalised epilepsy is caused by brain damage. For example, injury during birth is the most common cause of symptomatic generalised epilepsy. When the cause of symptomatic general epilepsy cannot be identified, the disorder may be referred to as cryptogenic epilepsy. Symptomatic Partial Epilepsy Symptomatic partial epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy that begins in maturity, but it does occur often in children. This type of epilepsy is caused by a local condition of the brain, which can consequence from strokes, tumours, trauma, birth brain condition, scarring of brain tissue, cysts, or infections. These brain conditions can be seen on MRI scans, but often they cannot be recognised, because they are microscopic. Symptomatic partial epilepsy may be successfully treated with surgery. Identify and watch for a specific behaviour or physical and emotional signs that come before attacks. Its not exceptional, to feel annoyed or joyful several hours prior to the seizure, and immediately before the attack. The person may become conscious of a warning aura perhaps a taste or a smell. This notice may let the person to lie down in time to avoid falling down. In situations where the aura is a smell, some people are capable of fighting off seizures by smelling a strong odour, such as garlic or roses. When the first signs include depression, irritability, or a headache, an extra dosage of medication may help prevent an attack. Electroencephalogram (EEG) An EEG test measures the electrical activity of your brain through electrodes placed on your scalp. During the test, a person might be asked to breathe deeply or to close their eyes, as these activities could expose unfamiliar brain activity related to epilepsy. A person might also be asked to gaze at a flashing light, but the test will be stopped immediately if it seems like the flashing light could cause a seizure. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan An MRI scan can often spot possible causes of epilepsy, such as faults in the structure of your brain or the existence of a brain tumour. At the moment there is no remedy for epilepsy. Anti Epileptic Drug (AED) Anti Epileptic Drugs are commonly the first choice of treatment. They work by changing the levels of chemicals in your brain. This reduces the chances of seizures. Around 70% control their seizures with AED. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Vagus Nerve Stimulation is a therapy that is recommended when the Anti-Epileptic Drug dont work and epilepsy is still poorly controlled. This involves surgically implanting an electrical device, like a pacemaker, under the skin, near the collarbone. The electrical device has a lead that is bound around one of the nerves on the left side of your neck, identified as the vagus nerve. The electrical device passes a regular amount of electricity to the nerve to stimulate it. This can help to reduce the occurrence of seizures. Surgical procedure Surgery will only be suggested if a single area of one side of the brain is causing seizures. As with all types of surgery, this surgical procedure carries a threat. One person in 100 has a stroke after surgery and five in 100 suffer from memory problems. Yet, around 70% of people who suffer from epilepsy, after the surgical procedure they become absolutely free of seizures. Epilepsy Ireland was established in 1966 by a group of people who were eager to progress the quality of life of people with epilepsy in Ireland. Over 50 years, Epilepsy Ireland have grown and expanded. They now provide a range of services from their head office in Dublin and from regional offices in Cork, Dundalk, Galway, Kerry, Kilkenny, Letterkenny, Limerick, Sligo and Tullamore. Epilepsy Ireland is committed to working and consulting the needs of everyone with epilepsy in Ireland and their families. Certain objectives of Epilepsy Ireland are; to be committed to working and considering the needs of everyone with epilepsy in Ireland. To provide support, information and advice on health to people who are dealing with epilepsy. To undertake any awareness campaigns to improve peoples understanding of epilepsy, also to increase funds to support its work in an awareness-creating method. One of their main objective is to assume, inspire and support research into the source of epilepsy and a cure for it. Many people with epilepsy live standard lives. Progressive brain scans and other procedures allow greater accurateness in diagnosing epilepsy and defining when a patient may be aided by surgery. More than 20 different medications and a diversity of surgical methods are now available and offer good control of seizures for most people with epilepsy. Other treatment selections include the ketogenic diet and the vagus nerve stimulator. Research on the fundamental causes of epilepsy, include the recognition of genes for some types of epilepsy and seizures, it has managed a great improvement of understanding about epilepsy that may lead to more effective treatments or even some new ways of preventing epilepsy in the future. Works cited http://www.epilepsy.ie/index.cfm/spKey/info.what_is_epilepsy.what_causes_epilepsy_.html http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/tc/epilepsy-symptoms http://www.webmd.boots.com/a-to-z-guides/epilepsy-basics?page=2 http://www.hse.ie/eng/health/az/E/Epilepsy/ http://www.epilepsy.ie/index.cfm/spKey/about.html

Assignment on Ethics in Bangladesh

Introduction Ethics concern an individual's moral judgements about right and wrong. Decisions taken within an organisation may be made by individuals or groups, but whoever makes them will be influenced by the culture of the company. The decision to behave ethically is a moral one; employees must decide what they think is the right course of action. This may involve rejecting the route that would lead to the biggest short-term profit. Ethical behaviour and corporate social responsibility can bring significant benefits to a business.Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the interaction of profit-maximizing behavior with non-economic concerns. Governments use l aws and regulations to point business behavior in what they perceive to be beneficial directions.Ethics implicitly regulates areas and details of behavior that lie beyond governmental control. The emergence of large corporations with limited relationships and sensitivity to the communities in which they operate accelerated the development of formal ethics regimes. When business people speak about â€Å"business ethics† they usually mean following things: (1) avoid breaking the criminal law in one’s work-related activity; (2) avoid action that may result in civil law suits against the company; and (3) avoid actions that are bad for the company image.Businesses are especially concerned with these three things since they involve loss of money and company reputation. In theory, a business could address these three concerns by assigning corporate attorneys and public relations experts to escort employees on their daily activities. Anytime an employee might stray from the st raight and narrow path of acceptable conduct, the experts would guide him back. Obviously this solution would be a financial disaster if carried out in practice since it would cost a business more in attorney and public relations fees than they would save from proper employee conduct.Perhaps reluctantly, businesses turn to philosophers to instruct employees on becoming â€Å"moral. † For over 2,000 years philosophers have systematically addressed the issue of right and wrong conduct. Presumably, then, philosophers can teach employees a basic understanding of morality will keep them out of trouble. However, it is not likely that philosophers can teach anyone to be ethical. The job of teaching morality rests squarely on the shoulders of parents and one’s early social environment.By the time philosophers enter the picture, it is too late to change the moral predispositions of an adult. Also, even if philosophers could teach morality, their recommendations are not always t he most financially efficient. Although being moral may save a company from some legal and public relations nightmares, morality in business is also costly. A morally responsible company must pay special attention to product safety, environmental impact, truthful advertising, scrupulous marketing, and humane working conditions.This may be more than a tight-budgeted business bargained for. We cannot easily resolve this tension between the ethical interests of the money-minded businessperson and the ideal-minded philosopher. In most issues of business ethics, ideal moral principles will be checked by economic viability. To understand what is at stake, we will look at three different ways of deriving standards of business ethics. Common Unethical Practices in Business & Financial Sectors In Bangladesh 1. Bribe Taking bribe is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh, especially in the government sector.It is the most common form of corruption known to most people. If someone goes to a governm ent office for a routine work, which the office is supposed to perform, in most cases, he/she has to bribe the sub-staffs of that office. And if there is any severe procedural difficulty in the work, he/she has to pay a high amount to get the job done. Sometimes wrongful procedures are also executed at a high negotiated bribe. Obviously, not only the sub-staffs but also the officers of different levels are also involved in the whole process.Taking bribe has become a trend in the government offices and general people have accepted it as inevitable. 2. Embezzlement of Funds Embezzlement of funds allocated for a particular project or from deposits of banks also happens often in Bangladesh. In the banking sector, embezzling funds is a very common type of corruption. Each year many bankers lose their job if their corruption is proved. Massive embezzlement of capital market fund has also happened in the history of Bangladesh.Fraud & forgery in using the funds allocated for development pro jects is also common in Bangladesh. By using inferior materials then what was quoted in the tender process, contractors maximize their profits & serve the interest of the corrupted officers. As a result of using inferior materials the project loses its validity soon, which makes inevitable to launch another tender process i. e. , another scope for corruption; in this way corruption has become a cyclic phenomenon in Bangladesh. 3. Syndication in BusinessSyndication in the business sector is harming the public interest in Bangladesh to a great extent. Originally, syndications like trade unions, officers club, business unions etc. were formed to save the interest of their members from greater adversities. But this syndication is now also being used to overemphasize business interest, while not considering its harmful consequences on public life. A businessman, even if his production cost & other costs are much less than other businessmen, cannot sell his products at a price significant ly lower than his competitors.While in other countries, festivals are meant to give sales discount, in Bangladesh, commodities reach their peak price in times of festivals like eid & others. 4. Environmental Issues Saving the environment from pollution is a great challenge worldwide. The requirement of effluent treatment plants(ETP) and other measures to control industrial environmental pollution causes the production cost to rise. So business persons in Bangladesh, highly motivated by profit maximization theory, do not care the environmental issues. At many industries there are ETP’s just for eyewash.And bribing the government officials concerned for environmental issues makes it easier for business persons to get more reluctant about the environmental issues. 5. Unethical Procurement Practices Unethical practice in selecting vendor from procurement process is another common corruption form in Bangladesh. Sometimes political forces are applied to get the work order in favor of a particular vendor. Taking bribe to manipulate the result of procurement process also prevails. Corruption in the procurement process is also root of many other consequent corruptions. 6. NepotismNepotism & taking bribe in the recruitment process of many government & private organizations is a great problem in a country like Bangladesh where unemployment rate is very high. These problems are leaving the young generation in despair. As a result different forms of crimes are increasing in the society. 7. Evading Tax, Utility Bills etc. Evading tax is a tendency in general, from corporate organizational level to individual level. Many corporate organizations prepare false spreadsheets to evade/minimize corporate taxes, whereas individuals seek ways to evade/minimize their income tax.Not paying the utility bill and then managing it by bribing staffs of concerned offices, is also common in Bangladesh. Conclusion Ethical practice in economic arena is very important in a country like B angladesh, where economy is emerging at one side and on the other side population density is increasing. Massive unethical practices tend to increase inequality in the society, which is detrimental to the overall progress of the society. Ethics is no doubt an important business subject for any entrepreneur to study, but it also has a wider application throughout organizations.One man's concept of what is ethical and for the best may be completely different from another man's concept, and so it's important to establish a collective set of ethics that represent the entire organization rather than just adopting a piecemeal approach. This can be installed through training, through creating business policies and even through careful selection at the HR stage, although it's important that there are also enforcement mechanisms within the business concerned, and that ethics remain a forefront consideration in day-to-day trade to ensure a unified, morally sound approach to doing business.

Smu 1st Sem Assmnt Questions 2010

Fall 2010 Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 1 MB0041 – Financial and Management Accounting – 4 Credits (Book ID :B1130) Assignment Set- 1 (60 Marks) Note: Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions. Q. 1 Explain the Various accounting Concepts and Principles? Q. 2 Pass journal entries for the following transactions 1. Madan commenced business with cash Rs. 70000 2. Purchased goods on credit 14000 3. Withdrew for private use 3000 4. Goods purchased for cash 12000 5. Paid wages 5000 Q. 3 Explain the various types of errors disclosed by Trial Balance? [10 Marks] [10 Marks] 10 Marks] Q. 4 From the following balances extracted from Trial balance, prepare Trading Account. The closing stock at the end of the period is Rs. 56000 Particulars Stock on 1-1-2004 Returns inwards Returns outwards Purchases Debtors Creditors Carriage inwards Carriage outwards Import duty on materials received from abroad Clearing charges Rent of business shop Royalty paid t o extract materialsAmount in Rs. 70700 3000 3000 102000 56000 45000 5000 4000 6000 7000 12000 10000 10 Marks] Fall 2010 Fire insurance on stock Wages paid to workers Office salaries Cash discount Gas, electricity and water Sales 000 8000 10000 1000 4000 250000 Q. 5 Differentiate Financial Accounting and Management accounting? [10 Marks] Q. 6 Following is the Balance Sheet of M/s Srinivas Ltd. You are required to prepare a Fund Flow Statement Particulars Equity Share capital Profit & Loss 14,750 17,000 31,000 15,000 16,500 2006 50,000 2007 65,000 Particulars Cash balances Debtors Investment 25,000 5,000 27,000 nil 80,000 (7000) 2006 10,000 2007 13,000 [10 Marks] Trade Creditors 29,000 Mortgage 10,000 Fixed Assets 50,000 Less: Depreciation (5,250) Short term loans 15,000 Accrued expenses 8,000 7,500 Goodwill 5,000 nilStock Total 1, 26,750 1, 52,000 Total 37,000 1, 26,750 39,000 1, 52,000 Additional Information: 1. Depreciation provided is Rs. 1750. 2. Write off goodwill. 3. Dividend p aid Rs. 3500. Fall 2010 Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 1 MB0041 – Financial and Management Accounting – 4 Credits (Book ID :B1130) Assignment Set- 2 (60 Marks) Note: Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions. Q. 1 Explain the tools of Management accounting? Marks] Q. 2 Find the contribution and profit earned if the selling price per unit is Rs. 25, variable cost per unit Rs. 20 and fixed cost Rs. ,05,000 for the output of 80,000 units. [10 Marks] Q. 3 Explain the essential features of budgetary control? Marks] Q. 4 A large retail stores makes 25% of its sales for cash and the balance on 30 days net. Due to faulty collection practice, there have been losses from bad debts to the e xtent [10 [10 of 1 % of credit sales on average in the past.The experience of the store tells that normally 60 % of credit sales are collected in the month following the sale, 25% in the second following month and 14 % in the third following month. Sales in the preceding three months have been January 2007 Rs. 80,000, February Rs. ,00,000 and March Rs. 1,40,000. Sales for the next three months are estimated as April Rs. 1,50,000, May Rs. 1,10,000 and June Rs. 1,00,000. Prepare a schedule of projected cash collection. [10 Marks] Q. 5 A factory works on standard costing system. The standard estimates of material for the manufacture of 1000 units of a commodity are 400 kg at Rs. 2. 50 per kg. When 2000 units of a commodity are manufactured, it is found that 820 kgs of material is consumed at Rs. 2. 60 per kg. Calculate the material variance Marks] Q. 6 The Anchor Company Ltd produces most of its electrical parts in its own plant.The company is at present considering the feasibility of buying a part from an outside supplier for Rs. 4. 5 per part. If this were done, monthly costs would increase by Rs. 1,000 [10 Fall 2010 The part under consideration is manufactured in Department 1 along with numerous other parts. On account of discontinuing the production of this part, Department 1 would have somewhat reduced operations. The average monthly usage production of this part is 20,000 units. The costs of producing this part on per unit basis are as follows. Material Labour (half-hour) Fixed overheads Total costs Rs. 1. 80 2. 40 0. 80 5. 00 [10 Marks]

Top 6 Key Questions to Ask at Your Next Job Interview

Top 6 Key Questions to Ask at Your Next Job Interview You got the interview!  Things are going well. You’ve smoothly discussed your performance points, you’ve glossed over That Incident We’d All Like to Leave Behind, and you’ve been making eye contact like a pro. Suddenly, the interviewer asks you if you have any questions. â€Å"Oh ho,† you think. â€Å"The interviewee has become the interviewer!† But in the moment, you start to feel a bit of inward panic. You’ve focused so fully on answering any question that could possibly be thrown your way, and now you’re drawing a bit of a blank. The best way to avoid that deer-in-headlights moment in an interview is to be prepared. Ahead of the interview, think of a set of questions to have on hand no matter how the discussion shakes out. If possible, work them in organically during the interview (without seeming too Barbara Walters about it). If they don’t really fit with the flow of the conversation, hold them until the end when y ou might well have an open floor.1. â€Å"How has this position evolved?†This one can give you a sense of how the company sees this role- and, potentially, you. If this is a role that has expanded or updated with each person that has held it, that’s a good indicator that it is a growth position. If it has stayed more or less the same over time, it could be that there is not much room for you to a) make it your own or b) advance beyond a certain point. Not necessarily a dealbreaker, depending on your perspective, but definitely something to be aware of as you go into it.RELATED:  Crush your Next Job Interview with These 12 Questions2. â€Å"In the first year, what is the highest priority for this position?†Five-year plans (a common interview and career subject) are all well and good, but the first year in a position could make or break it for you. Knowing the immediate plans for this role can tell you whether this is where you really want to be. After all, the company’s goals for the position will become your goals if you end up taking the job, so it would be helpful to know as early as possible whether the initial priorities are ones that seem manageable to you and likely to be a challenge.3. â€Å"In this position, how would I be working with my manager?†Speaking of things that can make or break your new job, your boss might be the most important one. We all have management styles to which we respond well- and ones that make us want to run screaming for the nearest exit. The answer to this question can let you know whether you’ll be working shoulder-to-shoulder with your manager, or if he or she expects you to take a ball and run with it, with minimal input or hand-holding.4. â€Å"What are the biggest challenges in this role?†Just like you present the best parts of yourself in your resume and the interview, the employer wants to present the best parts of this job to prospective employees. There is likely mor e to the job than the bare-bones job description, and now is your chance to get some of that extra context if the interviewer hasn’t already offered that information.5. â€Å"What is a typical day like in this role?†If you’ll be spending most of your day on particular tasks, this question can help you figure out whether that will work for you. For example, if you hate fielding phone calls, but it turns out that 75% of this job is working the phones, this is crucial information to have. This can also help you figure out what the priorities will be for the position and help you shape any subsequent answers around that information to show that you would be a good fit for that daily routine.6. â€Å"Is there anything else I can provide to help you make this decision?†This is a good grand finale question once the interview is winding down. It shows you’re proactive and keenly interested in the position, for starters and also gives you a chance to clarif y any vagueness or confusion on the interviewer’s part.Asking questions in your interview is key. It demonstrates that you’re paying attention and are engaged in the process. And by asking smart ones on the spot, tailored specifically to the job description and your pre-interview research on the company, you show the interviewer that you’re a better-prepared candidate than someone who either doesn’t speak up or who ignores the useful opportunity to ask counter-questions.

Modern Day Epic Story Essays - Sports Cars, Coupes, Porsche

Modern Day Epic Story Essays - Sports Cars, Coupes, Porsche Modern Day Epic Story EPIC STORY Looking back I underestimated the true capability of Carrera. Carrera was a man of intellectual prowess and had a supernatural ability to open car doors and start them with his mind. He was only five foot six inches tall with a medium build and he always wore a fishermans hat to hide the fact he didnt have any hair. Despite being only thirty-one years old, he managed to pull off the biggest car stings in the history of automobiles. With the help of unknown outside parties he managed to steal every type of sport car imaginable. He stole cars all over North America and was undetected by the authorities. If you havent guessed by now, he got his name from a sports car. Does the Porsche Carrera sound familiar? Porsche was the car he favored over the most. Why he didnt prefer the Corvette or Ferrari I dont know. His name would become a crucial factor in the story later on. After so many news cases of reported stolen sports cars, the authorities had to step up their investigation in finding this elusive thief. This was about the time they turned to me. My name is Burt Carver. I am 48 years old and had been retired from the FBI for 3 years when they called me back. At first I was not particularly interested in returning to work. My wife didnt want me to go back because she wanted me to spend more time with her. I gave it a couple days of thought and then I decided to return for this case only. My wife wasnt pleased but my interest in sports cars caused me to return to work regardless of what she told me. I went back to my old stamping grounds where I had solved so many cases. After 3 years of being away, it felt good to be back at the J Edgar Hoover Building. Even though it was my first day back, I was all business. I sat down around a big table with a lot of rookies and my old boss, Heath McGregor. He and I had always been on good terms with each other. He told us that the only information on this car thief was that he traveled all over North America stealing very expensive sports cars. In each stolen car file, the dealers reported they had all sets of keys even though the car was missing. Heath recommended that a tip phone line should be advertised and that the person who helped bring about the apprehension of this assailant should be rewarded handsomely. Heath called the project Mission Z3, named after the BMW sports car. When we marketed the hotline, we got numerous calls. Many were bogus but one of the callers sounded convincing to us. The caller used a pay phone in order to keep his location secret. The callers name was Webster Murdock and he described how sometimes while he was working at a Porsche dealership, a young bald man would come in and harass his boss. The guy would request private information that his boss couldnt disclose. One day Webster asked his boss what that guy was after and his boss said, He wanted information on where Porsche would be selling their brand new, very rare car. When we learned of this new information we sought every Porsche dealership across America. Meanwhile, Heath learned of another robbery in which a Honda S2000 had been stolen. Heath was becoming frustrated about how the thief was getting away with more cars and wasnt even having to work hard to do it. After weeks of calling different sources, I finally reached a man who worked at a Porsche dealership in Orlando, Florida who remembered speaking to a short, bald gentlemen. I flew down to Florida and interviewed the man. He recalled that the bald mans name was Carrera. I thought that that was a good name for a person who liked Porsche cars. I asked the dealer to give me the address and number to the Porsche showroom and thought I had an idea of how to catch this thief. When I returned to D.C., I told Heath about

Environmental Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Environmental Economics - Essay Example This paper compares Command-and-Control and Economic Incentive approaches. "Command and control" regulations focus on preventing environmental problems by specifying how a company will manage a pollution-generating process† (Stuart) In this type of approach to regulation of pollution, the companies which are responsible for pollution should take necessary precautions to prevent the environment pollution due to their activities. For example, industrial units mostly produce lot of toxic gases and solid wastes which generally they disposed to the land or sea improperly. Waste treatment plants are made compulsory with every industrial unit by implementing "Command and control" regulations. Command and control approaches were effective up to certain extent to reduce the industrial pollution. Periodical inspections from the governmental agencies forced the industrial units to keep tight control over the polluted materials it generated. Economic incentive approach is the way of controlling environmental pollution by offering economic incentives. In this approach, those who take effective measures to control environmental pollution will be rewarded and strict penalties will be enforced for those who destroy the environment. Pigovian Taxes, emission fees, abatement subsidies and tradable permit system are some of the common methods taken in the Economic incentive approach. Pigovian Taxes is a kind of special tax that is  often levied on companies that pollute the environment or create excess social costs, called negative externalities,  through  business practices. In a true market economy, a Pigovian tax  is the most efficient and effective  way to correct negative  externalities (Pigovian Tax) The main objective of this tax is to incorporate the social cost of the environment problems caused by the polluter. Thus the polluters will be forced to control their polluting activities because of the fear of the heavy Pigovian

Kottak presents the concept of the feminization of poverty Essay

Kottak presents the concept of the feminization of poverty - Essay Example These include (1) the growth and emergence of female/women-headed households, (2) inequalities between households and discrimination against girls and women and, and (3) economic policies that lean heavily towards neo-liberalism, including structural changes and transitions in post-socialist markets (Kottak 82). Kottak argues that increasing visibility of poverty among women is deeply rooted in political economies, cultural trends and demographic patterns. He states that there are huge regional variations in the financial and economic status of women-headed households, and this is primarily influenced by women’s access to property and employment, political regimes and social policies. Kottak also states that inequalities between households have been found to worsen the state of women’s rights in terms of their vulnerability (105). This manifests in form of inequalities in resource allocation to households and a lack of decision-making in important spheres like legal codes, public policy and development. Inadequate access to property rights (in land), employment, illiteracy, poor wages, childbearing, early marriages have also proved detrimental to the empowerment of women and the realization of their rights. The expansion of female/women-headed households has been found to be influential in the exacerbation of women’s poverty, and although this has not been proved in most parts of the world, the United States offers a stark example of what may eventually be the situation in a majority of countries. In the US, feminization of poverty is closely linked to the growth of female-headed households especially among low-income females in terms of insufficien t social support (Kottak 74) It has been established that neoliberal economic policies have a tendency and potential to induce poverty and hence have adverse effects on girls and women.