High Employee Turnover Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

High Employee Turnover - Essay Example These costs are particularly felt for lower paying occupations which end up being employments that have a high representative turnover. A portion of the costs included incorporate promoting for the past, installments being done to the leaving representative, interviews for applicants and ensuing preparing. This is, notwithstanding, lose of efficiency during that period the representative leaves and supplanting with another worker. This paper investigates representative maintenance as a proportion of diminishing high turnover by concentrating on the strategies for evaluation and choice, individual and hierarchical learning, and authoritative change to discover a goals to the emergency. Techniques for evaluation and choice According to Carsen (2005, 2) representative maintenance begins with the application procedure which goes before enlistment. The candidates start by taking a gander at the office, and this is followed intently by the underlying impressions of the representative durin g the direction procedure, notwithstanding the ensuing assignments, the worker is given, execution appraisals, any honors or advancements and off kilter the general working conditions. All the above assume a job in deciding if a worker chooses to leave or remain during that brief period. Along these lines, the pre-business appraisal frames some portion of the answer for this difficulty of high worker turnover just as improving representative execution. It is fundamental that the business dispassionately characterizes and measures the social DNA that propels accomplishment at work. This is to imply that the business needs to coordinate the up-and-comers who seek meet against a customary exhibition profile for every one of the places that are to be filled in the organization. This should be possible by corresponding the social DNA of the current representatives in an organization against their exhibition information to decide the presentation profile of the person. This profile, along these lines, catches the conduct and subjective ascribes that are one of a kind to a specific position, and, accordingly, used to isolate the efficiency heads who will be fit for rising above different representatives. Emotional abilities are regarded a fruitless method of thinking of required attributes of a specific position, in this way, an imperfect method of documenting empty situations in any association. This is a result of nonattendance of unmistakable connection between's the emotional abilities and the real accomplishment of people in that position (Carsen, 2005, 33). It is, in this manner, significant that businesses utilize target abilities to gauge the real social and subjective attributes required for the accomplishment of someone in particular in the given position. This implies this benchmark of progress ought to be utilized with the goal that it shapes the target model for the business in assessing possibility for explicit positions. In this way, it is significant that the appraisal procedures be created having as a primary concern the away from of the information, aptitudes, capacities and attributes that must be estimated for capability to a specific position (Ongori, 2007, 50). The administrators ought to likewise guarantee that the strategy for assessment being utilized in the process can be connective to, and viably evaluate the necessity being surveyed. After a cautious appraisal of the candidates, recruiting ought to be done on proposal premise, which falls into four classes. These are suggested which is taken as the most grounded coordinate when contrasted with the others which may be 'suggested

Comparison Between Frank Fischer and Brian Martin essays

Examination Between Frank Fischer and Brian Martin papers There are numerous thoughts on how much impact specialists have on a general public and how much impact society has on the master. Without either, neither would exist. Either that, or this world would be very unique on the off chance that it was comprised of just specialists or just the basic resident. On the off chance that the world were comprised of just the basic resident, everybody would be dealing with their own. No one would be working for the master, deciding in favor of the master, condemning the master, turning upward on the master, or in any event, planning to be a specialist oneself. Be that as it may, without the regular resident, the master would have no one to dazzle, no one to impact, no one to work for, and no one to direct, or even no one to get criticism from. In the book Citizens, Experts, and the Environment, by Frank Fischer, the writer expounds on the connection between the resident and the master. In the book, Confronting the Experts, by Brian Martin, the writer additionally expounds on the connection between the resident and the master and the contentions between the specialists versus the master. He likewise incorporates a couple of case articles from various people who expounded on their encounters with specialists. Another notable creator is Thomas Kuhn, who thought of the term worldview, which manages molding how you manage things. Kuhn depicted it as an assortment of convictions shared by researchers, a lot of understandings about how issues are to be comprehended. In Fischers book, Fischer centers around open arrangement. He addresses the job of residents, regardless of whether residents are sufficiently learned to take an interest in reality as we know it where innovation is path over our heads, or have the master settle on the choices for everybody in light of the fact that all things considered, they are the specialists. He includes that resident interest is low and that it can have an effect on vote based system. He characterizes resident interest as consideration on issues influencing ones own life . So ... <!

Critical analysis of a book, Nectar in a Sieve Essay

Basic examination of a book, Nectar in a Sieve - Essay Example The trace of progress gave in the lower status of Rukmani’s marriage is conveyed forward with the structure of the tannery in her husband’s town. Clashes of convention and the outside world start to hint themselves into Rukmani’s life, bringing change practically quicker than she can modify. Battling through neediness and catastrophe, just as the changing financial culture of their town, Rukmani exhibits a tranquil, commonsense respect that is worried about existence. By recounting to the tale of a youthful Indian lady as she marries her better half and develops old with him, raises a family and endures a few hardships en route, creator Kamala Markandaya endeavors to introduce an image of a changing world and how it is the affection for a family that defeats these enormous difficulties. Markandaya’s tale is an anecdotal record of an Indian woman’s involvement with the rustic towns of India introduced in first-individual account voice from Rukmani’s point of view. Since she never gives a town name or date, it is difficult to decide precisely when the story is occurring, giving it an ageless quality that talks similarly today as it did when it was composed, soon after India got free of Britain. â€Å"Some perusers of Nectar in a Sieve see Kamala Markandaya’s depiction of Indian workers as mythlike. One figure regularly referenced as a model for Rukmani is the goddess Sita. Sita rose up out of the earth into life when her stepfather was furrowing his fields and turned into the spouse of the Hindu god Rama. In the incredible epic sonnet Ramayana, Sita is an image of commitment, ceaseless tolerance, and benevolence. In workmanship, she is regularly demonstrated looking at Rama with merry happiness† (â€Å"Study Guide†, n.d.). Ruk mani is in reality introduced as the encapsulation of selflessness and persistence inside the novel, reliably attempting to maintain the customary convictions of her

Exploring University Students' Perception of Healthy Eating and Food Essay

Investigating University Students' Perception of Healthy Eating and Food Consumption - Essay Example It is broadly realized that about 8% of understudies in the college ate at any rate five suppers of either natural products or vegetables day by day (Roosen et al., 2011). This pattern is far and away more terrible among the third and fourth year understudies at the college. There is a solid relationship among's segment and psychographic physiognomies with food utilization conduct among college understudies. The dietary propensities created in the initial two years at the college are carried on to later years in the college (Dunn, 2013). Student’s homes have likewise been found to influence their dietary propensities. For example, off-grounds understudies were accounted for to take more beneficial nourishments than those living inside the grounds (Brown, 2014). A smart dieting propensity is fundamental to acceptable wellbeing all through a person’s life expectancy (Tseng, 1981). Regardless of the information bestowed in populaces on the advantages of good dieting, outla ndish utilization of food is predominant particularly among the grown-up populace (Lindgreen and Hingley, 2009). Past works demonstrate that female understudies have an inclination towards greasy nourishments when contrasted with their male partners. Be that as it may, foods grown from the ground levels across both sexual orientation is the equivalent (Shield, Mullen and Association, 2002). As per an examination directed by Tseng (1981) on the dietary patterns of understudies in California government funded schools, female understudies will in general maintain a strategic distance from some food types particularly garbage attributable to stresses related with body weight, convictions and wellness. In actuality, male understudies announced irrelevant worry about weight and had no issue expending shoddy nourishment (Scaffa and Reitz, 2013). Accordingly, it was clear that the decision of food type for male and female understudies was directed by various... This report endorses that to accomplish such endeavors there is have to create ventures planned for bestowing positive dietary patterns and making mindfulness and mentalities towards fitting weight control plans. Such ventures should target supporting wellbeing dietary patterns among college understudies. Further, partners owe to create components that would guarantee accessibility of sufficient assets and sound food types inside the span of undergrads with an end goal to dispense with hindrances of cost and accessibility blocking smart dieting propensities. Ultimately, there is requirement for a complete organization between the university’s providing food offices with providers to guarantee that deficiency of explicit food products is wiped out. There is additionally a need to make mindfulness with respect to sound decisions of food through food presentations and exhibits among the college understudies. This exposition makes an end that the discoveries of this exploration depend on the individual perspectives on taking an interest people inside the center gatherings. The perspectives tested from these gatherings may not mirror the perspectives on the whole college populaces. Every individual has his/her own personality and impression of food decision. What's more, distinguishing proof of topics and attachments was a major test in directing this exploration. This was on the grounds that the exploration depended on a generally low example considered. Time limitation was another test that confronted the exploration procedure.

Essay Topics on Johnny Got His Gun

Essay Topics on Johnny Got His GunJohnny Got His Gun is an essay assignment by the College Board. You will need to take this type of test at least once in your life. This essay will help you determine your preparedness for college level college tests.The original story on Johnny Got His Gun is from the 1930s. Now, the main character in the story is a high school student named Johnny Gosch. He was found dead with his throat slit from what seems to be a stab wound. He was discovered by his girlfriend, who then passed away soon after.So, what does this have to do with college-level tests? Well, the plot of the story follows Johnny as he tries to solve the murder of his girlfriend, but at the same time he must also figure out how to prevent more murders from happening. The mystery of who murdered his girlfriend is revealed at the end of the story.Because the author of the story was in his late eighties, it was a little difficult to get essay topics like this up on college level tests. Fo rtunately, The College Board realized the importance of this type of essay and implemented a test just for this type of essay. Since that was the case, there are many different types of topics that you can write about.There are many famous pen name authors who write about many different topics. Examples of these topics include 'The Whole Truth,' 'The Words,' and 'The Truth About Divorce.' These are just a few of the topics that you can use in your essay topics.It's important to realize that all of the pen name author does on his books is rewrite the same story. The key is to not get too caught up in the story. All you have to do is focus on learning facts and figures related to the topic.Many times, people get too caught up in the story and forget about doing their research. By having the same story retell itself to you, you can get a feel for what the author is trying to convey through the writing. This will help you develop your own skills at reading and comprehending the piece.If you are a hard working person, it is easier to work on essay topics that involve real world situations. In fact, one of the best college level essay topics is one on how to use a calculator. You can do research on this topic or even try to come up with your own rules on how to use a calculator. Either way, a well-written college level essay is what is going to make you successful in college.

Human Sexuality Essay - 3575 Words

Human Sexuality (Essay Sample) Content: Title: Human SexualityName:Institutional Affiliation:Tutor:Date: IntroductionHuman sexuality refers to the way people express themselves in a sexually. In this essay, I seek to relate the Darwinian evolutionary changes to the current changes in human sexuality. I will also discuss the roles played by genetics, culture and human experiences in influencing the development of sexuality. Human Sexuality Sexuality is classified into heterosexuals; they are attracted to the opposite sex. Homosexuals; they are attracted to the same sex. Bisexuals; they are attracted to both sexes; Asexual people are attracted to no sex. Asexual behavior has not been explored to deeper lengths, but it is associated with psychopathology. A celibate individual is totally different from an asexual person as the celibate person has a sexual orientation but chooses to not indulge in it, (Kleinplatz, 1996). In cases where a person is comfortable with their asexual nature, they will rarely seek ps ychological help. Heterosexuals are the majority in the world, while the homosexuals and the bisexuals make a small percentage.Homosexuality can be classified under the following groups; situational, compulsive and institutionalized. In situational homosexuality, an individual who was originally not a homosexual becomes one as a result of being in an environment where there is no access to the opposite gender. An example of such a situation is boarding schools, detention camps and army barracks among others.Compulsive homosexuality arises as a result of coercion. The affected individual does not have the choice of not being a homosexual. In such cases, homosexuality is embedded in the mind of the unwilling partner, either by persuasion or force. This occurs mainly in prisons.In institutionalized homosexuality, an individual has naturally imbibed sexual orientation. Their sexuality is instinctive, and in certain cases, it is genetic. It is institutionalized because it is practiced in secret as the person concerned is ashamed of their behavior.Certain types of sexual orientations are considered repugnant in the society. They are called perversions. There are many kinds of perversion for instance pedophilia, zoophiles, necrophilia, and asphyxophilia. In pedophilia, the individual associates children with sexuality. They are likely to abuse children sexually. The pedophile feels that they want to protect the child, but in many cases, they abuse the child sexually. Zoophiles, on the other hand, are people who practice bestiality. Thirdly, necrophilia is a state where a person has sexual relations with dead people. Asphyxophilia is a risky sexual indulgence where a person reaches gratification as they are being chocked (Kleinplatz, 1996).Other disputed sexual behaviors are the frottage. They are transvertism; a case of perversion where an individual derives pleasure from attire that is associated with attire from the opposite sex. In the extreme cases, they dress up completely as the opposite sex. The most common case is where they dress in the attire for the opposite sex as underclothes. Another case of frottage is masochism, where a person derives sexual gratification from extreme pain. In such relations, there is a dominant partner who dictates the role playing, and a submissive partner. Causes of homosexuality; are inheritance, counter-socialism, economic gain, career, rebellion, gender bashing, curiosity, failure and exposure. Counter socialism is where a person is put in a situation where homosexuality prevails and they adopt homosexuality as a means of fitting in or under coercion. This has been noted in schools and camps where statistics show that homosexuality is practiced. Homosexuality has always been portrayed as behavior for the rich. In some cases, a person may take up the behavior as a way of earning a living.Certain careers promote homosexuality because the people in those careers are not allowed to enter into relationships wit h the other sex. A good example is priesthood. During teenage years, an adolescent will take up the behavior so as to show disrespect for the guardians. Some teenagers experiment with their sexuality.Human genetics play a major role in the determination of a persons sexuality. Charles Darwin postulated that natural selection would serve to eliminate those factors that reduce the productivity of a person in terms of propagation of species. This was thought so because homosexuals reproduce less than heterosexuals, and so they would have no species propagation. This, however, did not turn out to be the case as the homosexual people did not diminish, they increased instead. This increased the speculation on the origin of the homosexuals. It was found out that the productivity of females from a homosexual family was more than from the paternal side. This showed that females belonging to a family of homosexuals produced more homosexuals as compared to their male counterparts. This led to the hypothesis that the sexuality of a homosexual is determined by the x-chromosome. In females, this gene trait in the x-chromosome increases their fecundity while, in males, it increases their chances of becoming a homosexual. This provided an answer to the reason why natural selection did not get rid of the homosexuals. A study was conducted on a sample of two fifty males, among whom one hundred and fifty two were homosexuals. We observed a significant fecundity increase even in primiparous mothers, which was not evident in the previous study. No evidence of increased paternal fecundity was found; thus our data confirmed a sexuality antagonistic inheritance partly linked to the x-chromosome that promotes fecundity in females and a homosexual sexual orientation in males (Lemmola Camperio, 2007).Homosexuality has been proven to be a familial trait. Currently, research has shown evidence that homosexuality among brothers and monozygotic twins are more likely when there are homosexu als in the family tree. Homosexuals with a genetic linkage found that homosexuality is seen more along the maternal line. There has been a tentative postulation that the homosexual gene is found on the x-chromosome at the q28 region. (Lemmola Camperio, 2007).A recent study showed that females in the families of homosexuals are more productive than their counterparts from heterosexual family lines, they produced approximately 33% more offspring, (Lemmola Camperio, 2007). The Darwinian Theory suggested that survival was for the fittest and the less disadvantaged; nature would select them and eliminate them. In the case of homosexuals, the advantage they have is the increased fecundity females from such family lines. They, therefore, ensure that homosexuals are not wiped out. Studies have shown that homosexual families are larger than the heterosexual families. The studies go on to show that homosexuals have been reported to have more siblings than the heterosexual people.In the stud y conducted on two hundred and fifty men of whom only ninety eight were heterosexuals, it was found out that the homosexuals got married less, ninety percent of them were not married as compared to the heterosexuals whom fifty eight percent of them were married. The study also showed that homosexuals are less productive as they were documented to have sired only twenty percent what the heterosexuals had. The homosexuals are, therefore, less productive in terms of marriage and reproduction (Lemmola Camperio, 2007). The study showed that the fecundity of first-line relatives along the maternal line had increased fecundity among the homosexuals as compared to the heterosexuals. The paternal line differences between the two sexualities were found to be insignificant. This contradicted a previous study by Kinger et al. He had documented that fecundity was irrelevant whether maternal or paternal in the explanation of the large families homosexuals have. In their research, Kinger et al. h ad also stated that there were more family members from the paternal side as compared to those on the maternal side; this was also contradicted in this study. The study also confirmed that the siblings homosexuals have are significantly more than those of the heterosexuals. The difference between the younger siblings among the two groups of sexuality was considered trivial.Homosexuality triggered the research on whether the genetics behind is based on a single locus or many loci. The single locus hypothesis was found to be somewhat impossible because homosexuality is universal. A single loci gene is either definite or not present at all. The multiple loci gene was a more logic explanation. It provided a logic explanation to why the trait is distributed all over the world, and the reason why the trait is not seen in everyone, and why it has not yet disappeared completely. There is no conclusive evidence yet and further studies are being conducted. The conclusion to this study was tha t homosexuality originates from the maternal side of the family. The reason why they have not yet been eliminated is because; the trait enhances the fecundity of the females. They can, therefore, not be wiped out.Another avenue of speculation is the immune reactions of a pregnant woman to her unborn male fetus. A hypothesis was developed on the immune system of the mother, and it is believed that women produce antibodies against the H-Y antigen that is usually produced by a male fetus. The antibody produces affects the development of the hypothalamus, therefore, leading to change in sexuality from the normal heterosexuality to homosexuality. It is said that the antigen is like the Rhesus factor antigen, and the reaction to it increases with subsequent pregnancies. Therefore, the males born later are more likely to be homosexuals as compared to the first ones. This has bee... Human Sexuality Essay - 3575 Words Human Sexuality (Essay Sample) Content: Title: Human SexualityName:Institutional Affiliation:Tutor:Date: IntroductionHuman sexuality refers to the way people express themselves in a sexually. In this essay, I seek to relate the Darwinian evolutionary changes to the current changes in human sexuality. I will also discuss the roles played by genetics, culture and human experiences in influencing the development of sexuality. Human Sexuality Sexuality is classified into heterosexuals; they are attracted to the opposite sex. Homosexuals; they are attracted to the same sex. Bisexuals; they are attracted to both sexes; Asexual people are attracted to no sex. Asexual behavior has not been explored to deeper lengths, but it is associated with psychopathology. A celibate individual is totally different from an asexual person as the celibate person has a sexual orientation but chooses to not indulge in it, (Kleinplatz, 1996). In cases where a person is comfortable with their asexual nature, they will rarely seek ps ychological help. Heterosexuals are the majority in the world, while the homosexuals and the bisexuals make a small percentage.Homosexuality can be classified under the following groups; situational, compulsive and institutionalized. In situational homosexuality, an individual who was originally not a homosexual becomes one as a result of being in an environment where there is no access to the opposite gender. An example of such a situation is boarding schools, detention camps and army barracks among others.Compulsive homosexuality arises as a result of coercion. The affected individual does not have the choice of not being a homosexual. In such cases, homosexuality is embedded in the mind of the unwilling partner, either by persuasion or force. This occurs mainly in prisons.In institutionalized homosexuality, an individual has naturally imbibed sexual orientation. Their sexuality is instinctive, and in certain cases, it is genetic. It is institutionalized because it is practiced in secret as the person concerned is ashamed of their behavior.Certain types of sexual orientations are considered repugnant in the society. They are called perversions. There are many kinds of perversion for instance pedophilia, zoophiles, necrophilia, and asphyxophilia. In pedophilia, the individual associates children with sexuality. They are likely to abuse children sexually. The pedophile feels that they want to protect the child, but in many cases, they abuse the child sexually. Zoophiles, on the other hand, are people who practice bestiality. Thirdly, necrophilia is a state where a person has sexual relations with dead people. Asphyxophilia is a risky sexual indulgence where a person reaches gratification as they are being chocked (Kleinplatz, 1996).Other disputed sexual behaviors are the frottage. They are transvertism; a case of perversion where an individual derives pleasure from attire that is associated with attire from the opposite sex. In the extreme cases, they dress up completely as the opposite sex. The most common case is where they dress in the attire for the opposite sex as underclothes. Another case of frottage is masochism, where a person derives sexual gratification from extreme pain. In such relations, there is a dominant partner who dictates the role playing, and a submissive partner. Causes of homosexuality; are inheritance, counter-socialism, economic gain, career, rebellion, gender bashing, curiosity, failure and exposure. Counter socialism is where a person is put in a situation where homosexuality prevails and they adopt homosexuality as a means of fitting in or under coercion. This has been noted in schools and camps where statistics show that homosexuality is practiced. Homosexuality has always been portrayed as behavior for the rich. In some cases, a person may take up the behavior as a way of earning a living.Certain careers promote homosexuality because the people in those careers are not allowed to enter into relationships wit h the other sex. A good example is priesthood. During teenage years, an adolescent will take up the behavior so as to show disrespect for the guardians. Some teenagers experiment with their sexuality.Human genetics play a major role in the determination of a persons sexuality. Charles Darwin postulated that natural selection would serve to eliminate those factors that reduce the productivity of a person in terms of propagation of species. This was thought so because homosexuals reproduce less than heterosexuals, and so they would have no species propagation. This, however, did not turn out to be the case as the homosexual people did not diminish, they increased instead. This increased the speculation on the origin of the homosexuals. It was found out that the productivity of females from a homosexual family was more than from the paternal side. This showed that females belonging to a family of homosexuals produced more homosexuals as compared to their male counterparts. This led to the hypothesis that the sexuality of a homosexual is determined by the x-chromosome. In females, this gene trait in the x-chromosome increases their fecundity while, in males, it increases their chances of becoming a homosexual. This provided an answer to the reason why natural selection did not get rid of the homosexuals. A study was conducted on a sample of two fifty males, among whom one hundred and fifty two were homosexuals. We observed a significant fecundity increase even in primiparous mothers, which was not evident in the previous study. No evidence of increased paternal fecundity was found; thus our data confirmed a sexuality antagonistic inheritance partly linked to the x-chromosome that promotes fecundity in females and a homosexual sexual orientation in males (Lemmola Camperio, 2007).Homosexuality has been proven to be a familial trait. Currently, research has shown evidence that homosexuality among brothers and monozygotic twins are more likely when there are homosexu als in the family tree. Homosexuals with a genetic linkage found that homosexuality is seen more along the maternal line. There has been a tentative postulation that the homosexual gene is found on the x-chromosome at the q28 region. (Lemmola Camperio, 2007).A recent study showed that females in the families of homosexuals are more productive than their counterparts from heterosexual family lines, they produced approximately 33% more offspring, (Lemmola Camperio, 2007). The Darwinian Theory suggested that survival was for the fittest and the less disadvantaged; nature would select them and eliminate them. In the case of homosexuals, the advantage they have is the increased fecundity females from such family lines. They, therefore, ensure that homosexuals are not wiped out. Studies have shown that homosexual families are larger than the heterosexual families. The studies go on to show that homosexuals have been reported to have more siblings than the heterosexual people.In the stud y conducted on two hundred and fifty men of whom only ninety eight were heterosexuals, it was found out that the homosexuals got married less, ninety percent of them were not married as compared to the heterosexuals whom fifty eight percent of them were married. The study also showed that homosexuals are less productive as they were documented to have sired only twenty percent what the heterosexuals had. The homosexuals are, therefore, less productive in terms of marriage and reproduction (Lemmola Camperio, 2007). The study showed that the fecundity of first-line relatives along the maternal line had increased fecundity among the homosexuals as compared to the heterosexuals. The paternal line differences between the two sexualities were found to be insignificant. This contradicted a previous study by Kinger et al. He had documented that fecundity was irrelevant whether maternal or paternal in the explanation of the large families homosexuals have. In their research, Kinger et al. h ad also stated that there were more family members from the paternal side as compared to those on the maternal side; this was also contradicted in this study. The study also confirmed that the siblings homosexuals have are significantly more than those of the heterosexuals. The difference between the younger siblings among the two groups of sexuality was considered trivial.Homosexuality triggered the research on whether the genetics behind is based on a single locus or many loci. The single locus hypothesis was found to be somewhat impossible because homosexuality is universal. A single loci gene is either definite or not present at all. The multiple loci gene was a more logic explanation. It provided a logic explanation to why the trait is distributed all over the world, and the reason why the trait is not seen in everyone, and why it has not yet disappeared completely. There is no conclusive evidence yet and further studies are being conducted. The conclusion to this study was tha t homosexuality originates from the maternal side of the family. The reason why they have not yet been eliminated is because; the trait enhances the fecundity of the females. They can, therefore, not be wiped out.Another avenue of speculation is the immune reactions of a pregnant woman to her unborn male fetus. A hypothesis was developed on the immune system of the mother, and it is believed that women produce antibodies against the H-Y antigen that is usually produced by a male fetus. The antibody produces affects the development of the hypothalamus, therefore, leading to change in sexuality from the normal heterosexuality to homosexuality. It is said that the antigen is like the Rhesus factor antigen, and the reaction to it increases with subsequent pregnancies. Therefore, the males born later are more likely to be homosexuals as compared to the first ones. This has bee...

Viagra and Intellectual Property Rights in China - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1623 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Intellectual Property Essay Did you like this example? The company of Pfizer was founded by two German cousins, Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart in 1849. These two men were based in Brooklyn at the time, selling chemicals from their offices. The first product that these cousins created was an anti-parasitic for treating intestinal worms. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Viagra and Intellectual Property Rights in China" essay for you Create order While there were other options for this medication on the market, considering the popularity of this affliction in the time period, Pfizer made theirs more appetizing in terms of taste, and therefore more appealing than others. In 1941, their attention shifted to soldiers fighting in the war, leading them to refocus their resources to the production of penicillin (Abrami). This company’s claim to fame, the drug Viagra, was a lucky accident that Pfizer scientists stumbled upon during their research. Pfizer scientists wanted to develop a drug to lower blood pressure and open arteries. They applied for a UK patent, since the scientists were Britain-based, for a class of compounds for the treatment of cardiovascular conditions. When this drug went to volunteer clinical trials, participants discovered that the compound also acted as a treatment for Erectile Dysfunction (ED). However, when tested on monkeys, the drug did not have the same result. Scientists later found that nitric oxide (NO) was unavailable to the anesthetized monkeys, which is why they did not experience the same results, but was crucial to sexual arousal. The scientific outcome of this realization was the new idea that PDE-5 inhibitors were a treatment for ED in otherwise healthy males. After discovering the added benefits of the drug that they had created as a treatment for cardiov ascular conditions, Pfizer filed a secondary use patent application titled â€Å"Pyrazolopyrimidinones for the Treatment of Impotence† (Abrami). After the discovery and development of their unique drug, Pfizer took measures to protect their intellectual property rights in the matter. By 1998, Pfizer held a patent on sindenafil citrate itself, the specific compound that worked as treatment for Erectile Dysfunction. They also obtained US and EU patent rights on PDE-5 inhibitors and the drug became available with a doctor’s prescription by 1998. Their business immediately took off, filling 2.9 million prescriptions for the drug within three months of their launch (Abrami, 7). However, after Viagra’s worldwide launch in 1998, a Chinese firm known as Welman Company (unbeknownst to Pfizer) filed a trademark application for the name â€Å"Wei Ge.† While Viagra’s official Chinese brand name was â€Å"Wan Ai Ke,† much more popular was their Mandarin Chinese street name of â€Å"Wei Ge.† The problem at hand was that, while Pfizer had a patent for the drug and compound itself, they had never filed a trademark application for the name. They did hold a 3D trademark for their ocean blue, rhombic pill, which had been granted in 2001. In 2003. Welman Company launched an Erectile Dysfunction drug using the â€Å"Wei Ge† name, which they had received a trademark for in 2002, and a similar look of pills (Abrami). Welman’s launch of such a similar drug launched a momentous dispute between the two. In 2005, Pfizer filed a lawsuit against Welman Company. They claimed that while they did not hold a specific trademark for the name, they had the rights to the unregistered, famous trademark. The Paris Convention, which Pfizer cited in their argument, mandated that member countries, including China, â€Å"agreed to ‘refuse or to cancel the registration, and to prohibit the use, of a trademark which constitutes a reproduction, an imitation or a translation, liable to create confusion, of a mark considered . . . as already being the mark of a person entitled to the benefits of this convention’† (Abrami, 9). While Pfizer had a patent on the drug itself and a trademark on the appearance of the drug, they did not have a trademark on the â€Å"Wei Ge† name. Welman Company capitalized on this loophole and attempted to make their own drug, so similar to that of Pfizer that they would profit of it themselves. As a response, Pfizer filed a lawsuit against the Chinese firm and cited the Paris Convention, claiming that the trademark belong to them and they should be the only ones to reap the benefits of it (Abrami). However, before the Paris Convention, intellectual property rights (IPR) were a foreign idea to much of the population of China. China did not develop their first Patent Law until 1984, nor their first Trademark Law until 1982 (Abrami, 2). The majority of their IPR improvements were not prompted until 2001, caused by China’s pending membership in the World Trade Organization, after which they had to comply with the TRIPS Agreement, or Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. The State Intellectual Property Rights Office then declared that a firm could apply for three different types of patents: an invention patent, a utility model patent, or a design patent. After becoming a player in the global market, China’s trademark and patent laws became more inclusive. When Welman Company released their version of Pfizer’s ED drug, Pfizer had the grounds to argue that â€Å"Welman’s pills intentionally looked similar to Viagra, and in direct violation of existing Pfizer trademark rights held in China† (Abrami, 8). A back-and-forth legal battle between the two firms ensued, the results of which we have yet to see (Abrami). Similar to the dispute between Pfizer and Welman Company regarding Viagra, Cipla also got caught in the midst of a patent war. After AIDS was identified in 1982, British pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome introduced the first drug that had been shown to slow the progression of AIDS in 1987. Although this was a groundbreaking treatment, the price was so expensive that nobody who needed it could afford it. Dr. Yusuf Hamied, chairman of Cipla, worked to develop an affordable alternative. In 1992, Cipla announced that it had reserve-engineered AZT and was able to produce and sell their serving for a fraction of the price of large MNCs. After this revelation, MNCs faced backlash, but cited high RD costs as the reason why they could not make their drugs more affordable. Many invested entities demanded that they drop the suit they had filed against the South African government (where the need for this drug was astronomical), including AIDS activists and humanitarian organizations. Ev entually, they dropped their suit and Cipla was allowed to continue production of affordable alternatives to their expensive drugs (Deshpandà ©). Legally, when Hamied began his work on the AIDS drug alternative, the 1970 India Patents Act was in effect. This act only recognized patents on the process of creating a drug, not on the drug itself. By reserve-engineering the drug and therefore using a different process of creation, Hamied was not in violation of the India Patents Act. While Cipla’s production of AZT would be a violation of Intellectual Property Rights since they did not develop the drug themselves, they did not legally violate the patent laws in play. Additionally, when Welman Company began producing their own version of Viagra, it was an underhanded attempt to make profits and gain business for themselves. They intentionally used a trademark that was associated with a different firm so that they would gain business from the confusion as well. Dr. Yusuf Hamied of Cipla argued that, while his methods may be questionable, his intentions were of a humanitarian nature, as well as being ethically and legally soun d. Additionally, as opposed to Welman Company, Cipla was selling their drugs for as cheap as possible, not increasing the price in an attempt to make profits. Their man concern was ensuring that those who needed access to their medication could have it. While both of these cases could be considered violations of intellectual property rights, their motives were very different: while Welman Company was concerned primarily with business and profits, Cipla had humanitarian intentions (Deshpandà ©). After the legal battle between Pfizer and Welman Company, it was determined that Welman Company would be allowed to keep the trademark on the Chinese name for Viagra, â€Å"Wei Ge.† The root of this issue was that, after Viagra’s launch, the name commonly used for this medication in China was â€Å"Wei Ge,† even though Pfizer only held a trademark for â€Å"Wai Aike,† a direct translation that never gained popularity (Chow, 83). Pfizer did not file a trademark application until May 1997, at which point it already belong to Guangzhou Viamen Pharmaceutical Company (Chow, 88). Because the media will coin a name in their language instead of using the English name, â€Å"a Chinese entity might obtain a registration for the Chinese transliteration of the English brand name before the U.S. brand owner can do so in China† (Chow, 88-89). One serious implication of this â€Å"is that the brand owner loses control over the Chinese-language name for its brandà ¢â‚¬  (Chow, 88). Because Wei Ge was already associated with the Viagra brand, when Guangzhou Viamen Pharmaceutical gained ownership of the name, it resulted in a huge loss of business for Pfizer (Chow). A solution that Chow presents in his article â€Å"Lessons from Pfizers Disputes Over its Viagra Trademark in China† is that Pfizer should have sought out the trademark for the Wei Ge name sooner. He claims that, in order to â€Å"maintain Chinese brand control, MNCs should develop and maintain a Chinese-language trademark in China prior or simultaneous to the time that an English-language trademark is obtained in the United States† (Chow, 104). At this point, Pfizer had gotten a patent for the drug itself and a trademark for the English name Viagra. However, when the Wei Ge name was coined in China, Pfizer should have immediately submit an application for the trademark to ensure that they received the business for their brand. If they had obtained the trademark to the Wei Ge trademark sooner, they would have the rights to the name instead of Guangzhou Viamen Pharmaceutical, and would have gained much more business in the global market (Chow).